Macro-Level and Micro-Level Routing (MMR) for Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Abstract

Abstract-Finding a reliable and efficient routing path in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is a challenging issue due to high mobility of vehicles and frequent link breakage. Motivated by this, we propose a robust and efficient routing protocol, called MMR. The contribution of this paper is two-fold: two-level routing and a new routing metric. A routing process of MMR consists of the macro level and the micro level. MMR forwards a packet to an approximate location of the destination at the macro level and then forwards a packet to the exact location of the destination at the micro level. This two-level routing reduces the protocol overhead and improves scalability in terms of the number of nodes. MMR also introduces a new routing metric that reduces the protocol overhead and path breakage by considering velocities of vehicles. Through simulations, we show that MMR improves the routing performance by about 30∼40% in highly mobile environments, compared to the existing ad hoc routing protocols such as AODV and GPSR

A Geocasting Forwarding Scheme for Mobile Nodes in VANETs

“…In [10], Lee et al proposed a novel routing protocol called Macro-level and Micro-level Routing protocol (MMR), which models roads as a graph. MMR employs a two-level routing that consists of the macro level and the micro level routing.…”

Public-Transportation-Assisted Data Delivery Scheme in Vehicular Delay Tolerant Networks

“…For the frequent network partition and mergence due to the high mobility of vehicles, the physically constrained nodal mobility resulted from the fixed roadways and the constrained nodal moving speed limited by the roadway conditions, the data forwarding in VANET is different from that in the traditional mobile adhoc networks (MANETs). These unique characteristics of the road networks make the MANET routing protocols ineffective in the VANET settings [17]. Thus, many routing protocols based on carry-and-forward thinking have being proposed in order to reach efficient and effective data forward performance in VDTNs.…”

“…Thus, a great number of copies of data packets are generated during the delivery, which weakens its performance to a great extent, especially when the resources of bandwidth and buffer are limited. Some works mainly take advantage of geographic position information, such as GPSR [4], CAR [5], MMR [17], and VVR [19]. Similar to GPSR, both MMR and VVR use greedy forwarding strategy to find the next packet carrier based on the geographical proximity toward the packet destination.…”

Driving Path Predication Based Routing Protocol in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

“…For the frequent network partition and merging due to the high mobility of vehicles, the physically constrained nodal mobility resulted from the fixed roadways, and for the constrained nodal moving speed limited by the roadway conditions, the data forwarding in VANET is different from that in the traditional mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). These unique characteristics of the road networks make the MANET routing protocols ineffective in the VANET settings [18]. Thus, many routing protocols based on carry-and-forward thinking have been proposed in order to reach efficient and effective data forward performance in VANETs.…”

“…Some works mainly take advantage of geographic position information, such as GPSR [4], CAR [5], MMR [18], and VVR [20]. Similar to GPSR, both MMR and VVR use greedy forwarding strategy to find the next packet carrier based on the geographical proximity toward the packet destination.…”