Machine vision photogrammetry: a technique for measurement of microstructural strain in cortical bone

Nicolella, Daniel P.; Nicholls, Arthur E.; Lankford, J.; Davy, Dwight T.

doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(00)00163-9

Cited by 96 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The perilacunar bone tissue strain magnitudes predicted in this study are consistent with tissue strain values measured in our previous work (Nicolella et al, 2001(Nicolella et al, , 2006Nicolella and Lankford, 2002). In these studies, microstructural osteocyte bone tissue strains were measured to be significantly larger than macroscopic applied strains resulting in strain magnifications factors of 1.1-3.8.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The limitation of applying this strain magnitude data to cells in vitro, however, is that the in vivo strain gage measurements represent continuum measures of bone deformation. Clearly, at the spatial level of bone cells, cortical bone is not a continuum and microstructural inhomogeneities will result in inhomogeneous microstructural strain fields; local tissue strains will be magnified in association with microstructural features (Nicolella et al, 2001(Nicolella et al, , 2006. A major source of the inhomogeneity in bone are osteocyte lacunae and canaliculi.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tissue strain amplification at the osteocyte lacuna: A microstructural finite element analysis

Bonivtch

Bonewald

Nicolella

2007

Journal of Biomechanics

144

112

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A parametric finite element model of an osteocyte lacuna was developed to predict the microstructural response of the lacuna to imposed macroscopic strains. The model is composed of an osteocyte lacuna, a region of perilacunar tissue, canaliculi, and the surrounding bone tissue. A total of 45 different simulations were modeled with varying canalicular diameters, perilacunar tissue material moduli, and perilacunar tissue thicknesses. Maximum strain increased with a decrease in perilacunar tissue modulus and decreased with an increase in perilacunar tissue modulus, regardless of the thickness of the perilacunar region. An increase in the predicted maximum strain was observed with an increase in canalicular diameter from 0.362 to 0.421 μm. In response to the macroscopic application of strain, canalicular diameters increased 0.8% to over 1.0% depending on the perilacunar tissue modulus. Strain magnification factors of over 3 were predicted. However, varying the size of the perilacunar tissue region had no effect on the predicted perilacunar tissue strain. These results indicate that the application of average macroscopic strains similar to strain levels measured in vivo can result in significantly greater perilacunar tissue strains and canaliculi deformations. A decrease in the perilacunar tissue modulus amplifies the perilacunar tissue strain and canaliculi deformation while an increase in the local perilacunar tissue modulus attenuates this effect.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue strain amplification at the osteocyte lacuna: A microstructural finite element analysis

Bonivtch

Bonewald

Nicolella

2007

Journal of Biomechanics

144

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This is most likely due to the fact that bone is inhomogeneous and that strain gages average strain over large areas of bone. It has been shown that at the level of osteocytes, the surrounding bone matrix is heterogeneous resulting in magnified local tissue strains (88) (87). It was shown that application of 2000 microstrain macroscopically to a piece of bone resulted in greater microscopic strain surround osteocyte lacunae of over 30,000 microstrain (87).…”

Section: Tissue Strain Substrate Deformation Cell Deformationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Osteocytes, mechanosensing and Wnt signaling

Bonewald¹,

Johnson²

2008

Bone

919

760

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The majority of bone cell biology focuses on activity on the surface of the bone with little attention paid to the activity that occurs below the surface. However, with recent new discoveries, osteocytes, cells embedded within the mineralized matrix of bone, are becoming the target of intensive investigation. In this article, the distinctions between osteoblasts and their descendants, osteocytes, are reviewed. Osteoblasts are defined as cells that make bone matrix and osteocytes are thought to translate mechanical loading into biochemical signals that affect bone (re)modeling. Osteoblasts and osteocytes should have similarities as would be expected of cells of the same lineage, yet these cells also have distinct differences, particularly in their responses to mechanical loading and utilization of the various biochemical pathways to accomplish their respective functions. For example, the Wnt/ β-catenin signaling pathway is now recognized as an important regulator of bone mass and bone cell functions. This pathway is important in osteoblasts for differentiation, proliferation and the synthesis bone matrix, whereas osteocytes appear to use the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to transmit signals of mechanical loading to cells on the bone surface. New emerging evidence suggests that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in osteocytes may be triggered by crosstalk with the prostaglandin pathway in response to loading which then leads to a decrease in expression of negative regulators of the pathway such as Sost and Dkk1. The study of osteocyte biology is becoming an intense area of research interest and this review will examine some of the recent findings that are reshaping our understanding of bone/bone cell biology. KeywordsOsteocytes; bone; Wnt/β-catenin signaling; Mechanosensation; Mechanical loading Osteocytes compose over 90-95% of all bone cells in the adult skeleton and are thought to respond to mechanical strain to send signals of resorption or formation (70). Osteocytes are usually regularly dispersed throughout the mineralized matrix especially in cortical bone. These cells are connected to each other and cells on the bone surface through dendritic processes that occupy tiny canals called canaliculi (For review see (17)). Not only do these cells communicate with each other and with cells on the bone surface but their dendritic processes are in contact with the bone marrow (59) giving them the potential to recruit osteoclast precursors to stimulate bone resorption (133)(12) and to regulate mesenchymal stem cell differentiation (48).

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“…To close this gap, experiments have been devised to combine mechanical testing and imaging of trabecular and cortical bone. 6,[7][8][9][10][11] Most of these approaches deliver three-dimensional (3D) information. However, they all are somewhat timeconsuming and thus limited to quasi-static testing and/or recording of only a few different states of a sample subjected to mechanical testing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-speed photography of the development of microdamage in trabecular bone during compression

et al. 2006

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The mechanical properties of healthy and diseased bone tissue were extensively studied in mechanical tests. Most of this research was motivated by the immense costs of health care and social impacts due to osteoporosis in post-menopausal women and the aged. Osteoporosis results in bone loss and change of trabecular architecture, causing a decrease in bone strength. To address the problem of assessing local failure behavior of bone, we combined mechanical compression testing of trabecular bone samples with high-speed photography. In this exploratory study, we investigated healthy, osteoarthritic, and osteoporotic human vertebral trabecular bone compressed at high strain rates. Apparent strains were found to transfer into to a broad range of local strains. Strained trabeculae were seen to whiten with increasing strain. Comparison of whitened regions seen in high-speed photography sequences with scanning electron micrographs showed that the observed whitening was due to the formation of microcracks. From the results of a motion energy filter applied to the recorded movies, we saw that the whitened areas are, presumably, also areas of high deformation. In summary, high-speed photography allows the detection of microdamage in real time, leading toward a better understanding of the local processes involved in bone failure.

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Machine vision photogrammetry: a technique for measurement of microstructural strain in cortical bone

Cited by 96 publications

References 15 publications

Tissue strain amplification at the osteocyte lacuna: A microstructural finite element analysis

Tissue strain amplification at the osteocyte lacuna: A microstructural finite element analysis

Osteocytes, mechanosensing and Wnt signaling

High-speed photography of the development of microdamage in trabecular bone during compression

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