Machine Learning Model of Hydrothermal Vein Copper Deposits at Meso-Low Temperatures Based on Visible-Near Infrared Parallel Polarized Reflectance Spectroscopy

Abstract

The verification efficiency and precision of copper ore grade has a great influence on copper ore mining. At present, the common method for the exploration of reserves often uses chemical analysis and identification, which have high costs, long cycles, and pollution risks but cannot realize the in situ determination of the copper grade. The existing scalar spectrometric techniques generally have limited accuracy. As a vector spectrum, polarization state information is sensitive to mineral particle distribution and composition, which is conducive to high-precision detection. Taking the visible-near infrared parallel polarization reflectance spectrum data and grade data of a copper mine in Xiaoyuan village, Huaining County, Anhui Province, China, as an example, the characteristics of the parallel polarization spectra of the copper mine were analyzed. The spectra were pretreated by first-order derivative transform and wavelet denoising, and the dimensions of wavelet denoising spectra, parallel polarization spectra, and first-order derivative spectra were also reduced by principal component analysis (PCA). Three, four, and eight principal components of the three types of spectra were selected as variables. Four machine learning models, the radial basis function (RBF), support vector machine (SVM), generalized regression neural network (GRNN), and partial least squares regression (PLSR), were selected to establish the PCA parallel polarization reflectance spectrum and copper grade prediction model. The accuracy of the model was evaluated by the determination coefficient (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE). The results show that, for parallel polarization spectra, first-order derivative spectra, and wavelet denoising spectra, the PCA-SVM model has better results, with R2 values of 0.911, 0.942, and 0.953 and RMSE values of 0.022, 0.019, and 0.017, respectively. This method can effectively reduce the redundancy of polarized hyperspectral data, has better model prediction ability, and provides a useful exploration for the grade analysis of hydrothermal copper deposits at meso-low temperatures.

Soil Salinity Estimation in Cotton Fields in Arid Regions Based on Multi-Granularity Spectral Segmentation (MGSS)

“…PLSR could reduce data dimension and collinearity between independent variables, eliminate redundancy, and maintain the interpretation ability of principal components to output variables [37]. In this study, the PLSR estimation model was constructed for soil salinity spectral estimation.…”