“…Hybrid models can obtain more accurate prediction ( Bai et al, 2022 ; Han et al, 2019 ; James & Tripathi, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2021 , 2023 ). For example, various meta-heuristic algorithms are used to optimize the weights and thresholds of ANN, such as differential evolution (DE), simulated annealing (SA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and genetic algorithm (GA) ( Chu et al, 2022 ; Gugler & Reiher, 2022 ; Torkey et al, 2021 , 2022 ; Xia et al, 2022 ; Zhang, Yan & Aasma, 2020 ). Integrated models have been widely used in sequence prediction.…”