Machine learning assisted BOFDA for simultaneous temperature and strain sensing in a standard optical fiber

Abstract

We report, to our knowledge for the first time on simultaneous distributed temperature and strain sensing in a standard telecom optical fiber using a machine learning assisted Brillouin frequency domain analysis (BOFDA) system. The well-known temperature and strain cross-sensitivity problem is addressed by developing a BOFDA system with a high signal-to-noise ratio and applying machine learning. The spectrum consists of four highly resolved peaks, whose Brillouin frequency shifts are extracted and serve as features for the machine learning algorithms. The spectra result from a 450-m standard SMF-28 optical fiber, and particularly from a segment of 30 m. This fiber segment is coiled around a stretcher and placed in a climate chamber. The applied temperature and strain values range from 20 °C to 40 °C and from 0 µɛ to 1380 µɛ, respectively. The total measurement time to achieve a high SNR and resolve four peaks with a spatial resolution of 6 m is 16 min. To discriminate temperature and strain effects, simple frequentist and more sophisticated Bayesian-based algorithms are employed with the powerful Gaussian process regression (GPR) delivering the best performance in terms of temperature and strain errors, which are found to be 2 °C and 45 µɛ, respectively. These errors are calculated using leave-one-out cross-validation, so that an unbiased estimation of the sensor’s performance is provided.

Proof-of-concept demonstration of double-slope-assisted Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry

“…The realm of health monitoring for civil infrastructures has been enriched by the extensive exploration of distributed strain and temperature sensing using Brillouin scattering in optical fibers. [1][2][3] The typical configurations utilized for this purpose encompass the Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry/ analysis (BOTDR/BOTDA), [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Brillouin optical frequencydomain reflectometry/analysis (BOFDR/BOFDA), [11][12][13][14] and Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry/analysis (BOCDR/BOCDA). [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] It should be noted that each of these configurations offers its own set of merits and demerits.…”