Maceration of Clover and Grass Leaves by
            <i>Lachnospira multiparus</i>

Cheng, K.-J.; Dinsdale, David; Stewart, C. S.

doi:10.1128/aem.38.4.723-729.1979

Cited by 28 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…2006). In vitro incubation of L. multiparus with leaflets of the eudicotyledonous forage white clover ( Trifolium repens ) (Cheng et al. 1979) resulted in extensive maceration similar to that observed with chicory leaves in this study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Degradation of forage chicory by ruminal fibrolytic bacteria

Sun

Joblin

Andrew

et al. 2008

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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Aims: Determine the susceptibility of forage chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) to degradation by ruminal fibrolytic bacteria and measure the effects on cell‐wall pectic polysaccharides. Methods and Results: Large segments of fresh forage chicory were degraded in vitro by Lachnospira multiparus and Fibrobacter succinogenes, but not by Ruminococcus flavefaciens or Butyrivibrio hungatei. Cell‐wall pectins were degraded extensively (95%) and rapidly by L. multiparus with a simultaneous release of uronic acids and the pectin‐derived neutral monosaccharides arabinose, galactose and rhamnose. Fibrobacter succinogenes also degraded cell‐wall pectins extensively, but at a slower rate than L. multiparus. Immunofluorescence microscopy using monoclonal antibodies revealed that, after incubation, homogalacturonans with both low and high degrees of methyl esterification were almost completely lost from walls of all cell types and from the middle lamella between cells. Conclusions: Only two of the four ruminal bacteria with pectinolytic activity degraded fresh chicory leaves, and each showed a different pattern of pectin breakdown. Degradation was greatest for F. succinogenes which also had cellulolytic activity. Significance and Impact of the Study: The finding of extensive removal of pectic polysaccharides from the middle lamella and the consequent decrease in particle size may explain the decreased rumination and the increased intake observed in ruminants grazing forage chicory.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Degradation of forage chicory by ruminal fibrolytic bacteria

Sun

Joblin

Andrew

et al. 2008

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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“…This bacterial proliferation may increase the intercellular spaces by separating the plant cells and thus provide access to more adhesion sites and more nutrients. Thus, a digestion pattern develops which is similar to that caused in legume tissues by the pectin-digesting activity of pure cultures of Lachnospira multiparus (6).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Thus, in whole leaves, bacteria adhere to the leaf surface, proliferate at stomatal openings, invade the stomata, adhere to cell walls in the intercellular spaces, proliferate to form microcolonies, and finally invade the compartments of the plant cells. However, in leaves damaged by chewing, bacterial access to the underlying tissues would be much more rapid (6). The true extent of bacterial digestion of plant material throughout this process may be underestimated by measurements of dry matter loss because plant biomass is converted to microbial biomass, which is retained within the structural skeleton of the plant tissue.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequence of Events in the Digestion of Fresh Legume Leaves by Rumen Bacteria

Cheng

Fay

Howarth

et al. 1980

Appl Environ Microbiol

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100

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When fresh whole leaves of six different species of forage legumes were suspended in an artificial rumen medium and inoculated with rumen bacteria, bacterial adhesion and proliferation were noted at the stomata, and penetration of the stomata by these bacteria was documented by electron microscopy. The invading bacteria adhered to surfaces within the intercellular space of the leaf and produced very extensive exopolysaccharide-enclosed microcolonies. After some of the legume leaf cell walls were disorganized and ruptured by bacterial digestion, these cells (notably, parenchyma and epidermal cells) were invaded by bacteria, with subsequent formation of intracellular microcolonies. However, other cells were neither ruptured nor colonized (notably, stomata guard cells and vascular tissue). At all stages of the digestion of intact legume leaves, the rumen bacteria grew in microcolonies composed of cells of single or mixed morphological types, and a particular ecological niche was often completely and consistently occupied by a very large microcolony of cells of single or mixed morphological types.The bacterial digestion of cut grass leaves and of cell walls prepared from various grasses has been documented by several groups (1,2,9,13,14). Brazle and Harbers (3) studied the digestion of air-dried alfalfa hay by scanning electron microscopy, but no detailed studies of the sequence of events in the bacterial digestion of fresh whole legume leaves have been reported.Various bacteria have been shown to adhere to plant cell walls to produce "pits" by their cellulolytic activity (1, 2, 5). The cell walls of different plant tissues have shown sharp differences in the extent to which they are colonized and digested by bacteria (1, 2, 5), and workers in the United Kingdom (9,13,14) and in the southern United States (1, 2) have found that morphologically different cellulolytic bacteria predominate in the digestion of plant materials in their particular geographic regions. Studies of the adhesion of groups of rumen bacteria to their polymeric substrates have shown that amylase producers adhere to starch (11) but not to cellulose and that cellulose decomposers adhere to cellulose (17, 18) but not to starch. Thus, we expect that plant material will be heavily colonized by various types of bacteria soon after it is introduced into the rumen; therefore, it is not surprising that Forsberg and Lam (10) found 75% of the adenosine triphosphate of the bacteria in the rumen contents to be associated with food particles.Because transmission electron microscopy of ruthenium red-stained sections allows both bacteria and their exopolysaccharide products to be seen throughout leaf tissues during digestion, we incubated intact legume leaves with rumen bacteria and examined them at intervals using this method. We have shown (7) that the rumen bacterial population is made up of three distinct subpopulations-the rumen fluid bacteria, the food particle-associated bacteria, and the bacteria adherent to the rumen epithelium. To obtain a good represen...

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“…Such differences inevitably affect the way bacteria degrade these substrates. It has been shown, for example, that the pectinolytic bacterium Lachnospira multiparus macerates leaflets of clover upon incubation in vitro but has no comparable effect on ryegrass leaves (5). Since C. longisporum has been found in the rumens of animals fed either legume or grass forage, it was of obvious interest to measure the activity of a recent isolate against ryegrass cell walls and against a comparatively highly lignified forage, barley straw.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of barley straw, ryegrass, and alfalfa cell walls by Clostridium longisporum and Ruminococcus albus

Varel

Richardson

Stewart

1989

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The recently isolated ruminal sporeforming cellulolytic anaerobe Clostridium longisporum B6405 was examined for its ability to degrade barley straw, nonlignified cell wails (mesophyll and epidermis) and lignified cell walls (fiber) of ryegrass, and alfalfa cell walls in comparison with strains of Ruminococcus albus. R. albus strains degraded 20 to 28% of the dry matter in barley straw in 10 days, while the clostridium degraded less than 2%. A combined inoculum of R. albus SY3 and strain B6405 was no more efficient than SY3 alone, and the presence of Methanobacterium smithii PS did not increase the amount of dry matter degraded. In contrast, with alfalfa cell wails as the substrate, the clostridium was twice as active (28% weight loss) as R. albus SY3 (15%). The percentages of dry matter degraded from ryegrass cell walls of mesophyll, epidermis, and fiber for the clostridium were 50, 47, and 32%, respectively, and for R. albus SY3 they were 77, 73, and 63%, respectively. Analyses of the predominant neutral sugars (arabinose, xylose, and glucose) in the plant residues after bacterial attack were consistent with the values for dry matter weight loss. Measurements of the amount of carbon appearing in the fermentation products indicated that R. albus SY3 degraded ryegrass mesophyll cell walls most rapidly, with epidermis and fiber cell walls being degraded at similar rates. Strain B6405 attacked alfalfa cell walls at a rate greater than that of any of the ryegrass substrates. These results indicate an unexpected degree of substrate specificity in the ability of C. longisporum to degrade plant cell wall material.

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Maceration of Clover and Grass Leaves by Lachnospira multiparus

Cited by 28 publications

References 23 publications

Degradation of forage chicory by ruminal fibrolytic bacteria

Degradation of forage chicory by ruminal fibrolytic bacteria

Sequence of Events in the Digestion of Fresh Legume Leaves by Rumen Bacteria

Degradation of barley straw, ryegrass, and alfalfa cell walls by Clostridium longisporum and Ruminococcus albus

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