Macaque Frontal Eye Field Input to Saccade-Related Neurons in the  Superior Colliculus

Helminski, Janet Odry; Segraves, Mark A.

doi:10.1152/jn.00072.2003

Cited by 48 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Mean latencies for FEF neurons are typically ϳ2 ms and range from 0.7 to 6.0 ms (Segraves and Goldberg, 1987;Sommer and Wurtz, 1998;Everling and Munoz, 2000;Helminsky and Segraves, 2003), whereas the antidromic latencies we observed in corticotectal DLPFC neurons were much longer, having a mean of 6.3 ms and ranging from 1.3 to 14 ms. This suggests that the cell bodies of DLPFC neurons are smaller than those of FEF neurons or that their axons are thinner, longer, or unmyelinated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…This suggests that signals sent from the DLPFC to the SC make a contribution to antisaccade task performance that is distinct from that of the FEF. It has been demonstrated that the FEF sends excitatory output directly to saccade-related neurons in the SC (Helminsky and Segraves, 2003). We propose that the DLPFC performs a more modulatory function, most likely by providing excitatory input to fixation neurons or collicular inhibitory interneurons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

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Monkey Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Sends Task-Selective Signals Directly to the Superior Colliculus

Johnston¹,

Everling²

2006

J. Neurosci.

122

130

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The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been implicated in the ability to perform complex behaviors requiring the implementation of cognitive control. A central supposition of models of prefrontal function is that the DLPFC engages control by selectively modulating the activity of target structures to which it is connected, but no studies in the primate have directly investigated DLPFC output signals. Here, we recorded the activity of DLPFC neurons identified as sending a direct projection to the superior colliculus, a midbrain oculomotor structure, while monkeys performed alternating blocks of trials in which they had to look toward a flashed peripheral stimulus (prosaccades) and trials in which they had to look away from the stimulus in the opposite direction (antisaccades). We report the first direct evidence that the primate DLPFC sends task-selective signals to a target structure. This supports the notion that the DLPFC orchestrates the activity of other brain areas in accordance with task requirements.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Monkey Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Sends Task-Selective Signals Directly to the Superior Colliculus

Johnston¹,

Everling²

2006

J. Neurosci.

122

130

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“…Each monkey received preoperative training followed by an aseptic surgery to implant a subconjunctival wire search coil, a plastic cilux recording cylinder aimed at the SC, and a titanium receptacle to allow the head to be held stationary during behavioral and neuronal recordings. All of these methods have been described in detail elsewhere (Dias and Segraves 1999;Helminski and Segraves 2003). Surgical anesthesia was induced with the short-acting barbituate thiopental (5-7 mg/kg iv) and maintained using isoflurane (1.0 -2.5%) inhaled through an endotracheal tube.…”

Section: Animals and Surgerymentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual Diffusion Model for Single-Cell Recording Data From the Superior Colliculus in a Brightness-Discrimination Task

Ratcliff

Hasegawa

et al. 2007

Journal of Neurophysiology

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221

241

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Ratcliff R, Hasegawa YT, Hasegawa RP, Smith PL, Segraves MA. Dual diffusion model for single-cell recording data from the superior colliculus in a brightness-discrimination task. J Neurophysiol 97: 1756Neurophysiol 97: -1774Neurophysiol 97: , 2007. First published November 22, 2006; doi:10.1152/jn.00393.2006. Monkeys made saccades to one of two peripheral targets based on the brightness of a central stimulus. Task difficulty was manipulated by varying the ratio of stimulus black-and-white pixels. Correct response probability for two monkeys varied directly with difficulty. Deep layer SC neurons exhibited robust presaccadic activity the magnitude of which was unaffected by task difficulty when the stimulus specified a saccade toward a target within the neuron's response field. Activity after stimuli specifying saccades to targets outside the response field was affected by task difficulty, increasing as the task became more difficult. A quantitative model derived from studies of human decision-making was fit to the behavioral data. The model assumes that information from the stimulus drives two independent diffusion processes. Simulated paths from the model were compared with neuron activity, assuming that firing rate is linearly related to position in the accumulation process. The firing rate data show delayed availability of discriminative information for fast, intermediate, and slow decisions when activity is aligned on the stimulus and very small differences in discriminative information when aligned on the saccade. The model produces exactly these patterns of results. The accumulation process is highly variable, allowing the process both to make errors, as is the case for the behavioral performance, and also to account for the firing rate results. Thus the dual diffusion model provides a quantitative account for both the behavior in a simple decision-making task as well as the patterns of activity in competing populations of neurons. I N T R O D U C T I O NResearch in neural decision making is at the point of identifying the mechanisms that implement simple decisions (Glimcher and Sparks 1992;Gold and Shadlen 2000;Hanes and Schall 1996; Newsome 1999, 2001;Kim and Shadlen 1999;Krauzlis and Dill 2002;McPeek and Keller 2002;Ratcliff et al. 2003a;Roitman and Shadlen 2002;Romo et al. 2002;Sparks 1999). In parallel to this work, psychology has produced a set of models that describe simple rapid two-choice decision making Townsend 1992, 1993;Diederich 1997;LaBerge 1994;Laming 1968;Link 1975;Link and Heath 1975; Pike 1966Pike , 1973Ratcliff 1978Ratcliff , 1981Ratcliff , 1988 Rouder 1998, 2000;Ratcliff and Smith 2004;Ratcliff et al. 1999;Roe et al. 2001;Smith 1995;Smith and Ratcliff 2004;Smith and Van Zandt 2000;Stone 1960;Townsend and Ashby 1983). We present a diffusion model that explicitly relates these two domains in the context of a single experiment. The model is applied to simple twochoice decisions and accounts for both behavioral data, namely, accuracy and correct and error response time (RT) distributi...

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“…Every neurophysiological investigation of FEF in macaque monkeys has agreed that the FEF contains diverse types of neurons with most exhibiting visual responses and some exhibiting modulation associated with saccade production (Bruce and Goldberg 1985;DiCarlo and Maunsell 2005;Hanes et al 1998;Helminski and Segraves 2003;Schall 1991;Segraves and Goldberg 1987;Sommer and Wurtz 2001). In addition to their patterns of modulation, the relative magnitude of visual and movement activity in the memory-guided saccade task was quantified using a visual-movement index (VMI), which was calculated for each neuron as VMI ϭ (MA Ϫ VA)/(VA Ϯ MA).…”

Section: Cell Classification: Contrasting Visually Evoked and Movemenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontal Eye Field Contributions to Rapid Corrective Saccades

Murthy

Ray²,

Shorter³

et al. 2007

Journal of Neurophysiology

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. Visually guided movements can be inaccurate, especially if unexpected events occur while the movement is programmed. Often errors of gaze are corrected before external feedback can be processed. Evidence is presented from macaque monkey frontal eye field (FEF), a cortical area that selects visual targets, allocates attention, and programs saccadic eye movements, for a neural mechanism that can correct saccade errors before visual afferent or performance monitoring signals can register the error. Macaques performed visual search for a color singleton that unpredictably changed position in a circular array as in classic double-step experiments. Consequently, some saccades were directed in error to the original target location. These were followed frequently by unrewarded, corrective saccades to the final target location. We previously showed that visually responsive neurons represent the new target location even if gaze shifted errantly to the original target location. Now we show that the latency of corrective saccades is predicted by the timing of movement-related activity in the FEF. Preceding rapid corrective saccades, the movement-related activity of all neurons began before explicit error signals arise in the medial frontal cortex. The movement-related activity of many neurons began before visual feedback of the error was registered and that of a few neurons began before the error saccade was completed. Thus movement-related activity leading to rapid corrective saccades can be guided by an internal representation of the environment updated with a forward model of the error.

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Macaque Frontal Eye Field Input to Saccade-Related Neurons in the Superior Colliculus

Cited by 48 publications

References 95 publications

Monkey Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Sends Task-Selective Signals Directly to the Superior Colliculus

Monkey Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Sends Task-Selective Signals Directly to the Superior Colliculus

Dual Diffusion Model for Single-Cell Recording Data From the Superior Colliculus in a Brightness-Discrimination Task

Frontal Eye Field Contributions to Rapid Corrective Saccades

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