Macadamia felted coccid impact on macadamia nut yield in the absence of a specialized natural enemy, and economic injury levels

Gutierrez‐Coarite, Rosemary; Cho, Alyssa H.; Mollinedo, Javier; Pulakkatu-Thodi, Ishakh; Wright, Mark G.

doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105378

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…They are considered generalists, and their impacts on high MFC infestations are to reduce the pest populations below economically injurious levels. With the high MFC populations that are typical in Hawaii, macadamia nut orchards biocontrol is hopeless without an effective specialized agent [29]. Our laboratory studies show that MFC parasitism rate with M. macadamiae can range from 11 to 62% (Table 1), higher than estimates from field parasitism in Australia (21-33% parasitism).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Prospects for Biological Control of Macadamia Felted Coccid in Hawaii with Metaphycus macadamiae Polaszek & Noyes, a New Encyrtid Wasp Native to New South Wales, Australia

Yalemar,

Tateno-Bisel,

Chun

et al. 2023

Insects

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Macadamia felted coccid (MFC), Acanthococcus ironsidei (Williams) (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae), was first discovered in 2005 on the Island of Hawaii. Host plants are restricted to Macadamia species, with Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche (Proteaceae) being grown in Hawaii for nut production. Approximately 6839 hectares macadamia nuts are harvested in Hawaii with an estimated farm value of USD 48.8 million (2019–2020 records). Exploration in Australia started in November 2013 for the evaluation of potential parasitoids being host specific for introduction into Hawaii. A dominant solitary endoparasitoid of MFC from New South Wales was discovered and described as Metaphycus macadamiae Polaszek & Noyes sp. n (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae: Encyrtinae). Biology and host specificity testing were conducted at the Hawaii Department of Agriculture, Insect Containment Facility, on nine hemipteran and three lepidopteran eggs. Results indicated that M. macadamiae is host specific to MFC. There has been no evidence of parasitism or host feeding on any of the non-target insect hosts that were tested. Parasitoid emergence from the control (MFC) averaged 30.2% compared to 0% on non-target hosts. A low rate of parasitoid emergence in the laboratory (average 30.2%) and an increased rate of MFC nymphal mortality was due to adult feeding. Field parasitism reached up to 32.7% emergence in Alstonville, New South Wales, Australia. We report on the parasitoid performance in native Australia, rearing biology, host specificity testing, and the extant natural enemies associated with MFC in Hawaii. A petition to release this parasitoid for the biocontrol of MFC in Hawaii is pending. Once permitted for release, the colony will be shared with South African Mac Nut Association for their biocontrol program of this invasive pest. They will conduct their own testing before approval for release.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Prospects for Biological Control of Macadamia Felted Coccid in Hawaii with Metaphycus macadamiae Polaszek & Noyes, a New Encyrtid Wasp Native to New South Wales, Australia

Yalemar,

Tateno-Bisel,

Chun

et al. 2023

Insects

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“…In Hawaiʻi alone, there has been an increase in resources dedicated to the crop due to its large land uses (17,100 acres in 2019) and high value ($42 million USD) [6]. These efforts have identified agronomic problems in the current orchards that can be attributed to the need for genetic improvement (Gutierrez-Coarite, et al, 2021). There is, however, limited genetic diversity within University of Hawaiʻi M. integrifolia germplasm (Hardner, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic resources forMacadamia tetraphyllaand an examination of its historic use as a crop resource in Hawaii

Bartlett,

Cho,

Laspisa

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Macadamia tetraphyllais a wild relative of the economically valuable cropMacadamia integrifolia. Genomic knowledge of crop wild relatives is central to determining their possible role in breeding programs to mitigate biotic and abiotic stress in the future. The goal of this project was to develop a genomic resource for macadamia agriculture in Hawai‘i through constructing a transcriptome ofM. tetraphyllaand testing for hybridity in University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa breeding material. The transcriptome assembly ofM. tetraphyllarevealed large differences in gene expression attributable to tissue type. Advanced breeding lines (HI862 and HI879) appear to be hybridized with the crop wild relativeM. tetraphylla. Additionally, a putativeM. tetraphyllatree sampled from a remnant orchard planting at the Waimānalo research station on Oahu did not match anecdotal accounts of the orchard as it appeared to be of hybrid ancestry.

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“…Typically, many macadamia cultivars are inter-planted in orchards to aid in cross-pollination or as a replacement for dead or declining trees, and growers have observed differences in susceptibility to macadamia coccid infestations among cultivars. 34 In orchards with high-density planting, adjacent canopies often overlap and aid in the spread of macadamia felted coccid within an orchard. Distribution of cultivars with varying levels of susceptibility within the orchard might, therefore, influence the pattern of macadamia felted coccid infestation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of macadamia felted coccid (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) damage and cultivar susceptibility using imagery from a small unmanned aerial vehicle (sUAV), combined with ground truthing

Pulakkatu-Thodi

Dzurisin

Follett

2022

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND Macadamia felted coccid, Acanthococcus ioronsidei (Williams) (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae), is a significant pest of macadamia nut, Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche (Protaceae), in Hawaii, and heavy infestations can kill branches, resulting in characteristic dead, copper‐colored leaves. Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (sUAV) or ‘drones,’ combined with spatial data analysis, can provide growers with accurate and high‐resolution detection of plant stress due to pest infestations. We investigated the feasibility of using RGB (red‐green‐blue) color images from sUAV to detect dieback caused by macadamia felted coccid infestation and compared sUAV estimates with ground‐based damage estimates (ground truthing). RESULTS Spatial analysis showed clustering of foliar damage that reflected cultivar susceptibility to macadamia felted coccid infestation, with cultivars 344 and 856 being susceptible, and cultivars 800 and 333 being tolerant. sUAV and ground‐based estimates of foliar damage were similar for the cultivar 344, but ground‐based assessments were higher than sUAV for cultivar 856, possibly due to the differences in canopy architecture and significant early dieback in the lower canopy. At foliar damage levels <10%, sUAV and ground truthing data were significantly positively correlated, suggesting sUAV may be useful in detecting early stages of macadamia felted coccid infestation. CONCLUSIONS Cultivars showed varying susceptibility to macadamia felted coccid infestation and the foliage damage appeared in clusters. sUAV was able to detect the foliage damage under high and low infestation scenarios suggesting that it can be effectively used for the early detection of infestations. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.

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Macadamia felted coccid impact on macadamia nut yield in the absence of a specialized natural enemy, and economic injury levels

Cited by 5 publications

References 16 publications

Prospects for Biological Control of Macadamia Felted Coccid in Hawaii with Metaphycus macadamiae Polaszek & Noyes, a New Encyrtid Wasp Native to New South Wales, Australia

Prospects for Biological Control of Macadamia Felted Coccid in Hawaii with Metaphycus macadamiae Polaszek & Noyes, a New Encyrtid Wasp Native to New South Wales, Australia

Genomic resources forMacadamia tetraphyllaand an examination of its historic use as a crop resource in Hawaii

Evaluation of macadamia felted coccid (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) damage and cultivar susceptibility using imagery from a small unmanned aerial vehicle (sUAV), combined with ground truthing

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