MAC Layer Protocols for Internet of Things: A Survey

Oliveira, Luiz Henrique de; Rodrigues, Joel J. P. C.; Kozlov, S. A.; Rabêlo, Ricardo A. L.; Albuquerque, Victor Hugo C. de

doi:10.3390/fi11010016

Cited by 105 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…It operates in the unlicensed sub-1GHz bands (excluding the TV white-space bands) and its bandwidth occupation is usually only 1MHz or 2MHz, while in some countries, wider bandwidths up to 16MHz are also allowed. Compared to high-speed WiFi generations, the IEEE 802.11ah aims to provide connectivity to thousands of devices with coverage of up to 1km but its maximum data rate is about 300Mbps utilizing 16MHz bandwidth [32], [61], [62]. 4) OWC: Another emerging short-range wireless technology developed to support the indoor IoT device connectivity is the OWC [9], [63].…”

Section: A Short-range Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

IoT Connectivity Technologies and Applications: A Survey

et al. 2020

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly becoming an integral part of our life and also multiple industries. We expect to see the number of IoT connected devices explosively grows and will reach hundreds of billions during the next few years. To support such a massive connectivity, various wireless technologies are investigated. In this survey, we provide a broad view of the existing wireless IoT connectivity technologies and discuss several new emerging technologies and solutions that can be effectively used to enable massive connectivity for IoT. In particular, we categorize the existing wireless IoT connectivity technologies based on coverage range and review diverse types of connectivity technologies with different specifications. We also point out key technical challenges of the existing connectivity technologies for enabling massive IoT connectivity. To address the challenges, we further review and discuss some examples of promising technologies such as compressive sensing (CS) random access, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and massive multiple input multiple output (mMIMO) based random access that could be employed in future standards for supporting IoT connectivity. Finally, a classification of IoT applications is considered in terms of various service requirements. For each group of classified applications, we outline its suitable IoT connectivity options.

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Section: A Short-range Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

IoT Connectivity Technologies and Applications: A Survey

et al. 2020

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“…For short-range communications, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and ZigBee are the most common technologies proposed for sensors; energy consumption may limit the usage of some of these protocols in terms of IoT-enabled devices, as some devices should be able to operate on batteries for several years. Following the TCP/IP stack, the network layer protocol is dependent on the layer 2 protocol; in some cases, as the IEEE 802.15.4, it is necessary an adaptation protocol in between the layers 2 and 3, the IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LowPAN) that ensures the IPv6 addressing on low power networks using the IEEE 802.15.4 as a medium access protocol [11,13,14].…”

Section: Sensing Requirements For Iot-based Gas Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hereafter, these data will be provided not only by the embedded sensors on devices being controlled, but also by data collected on other devices and even in other networks. These significant data will be shared among the devices in the same context by the Internet, through the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, allowing even more crucial precise decisions [8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IoT-Enabled Gas Sensors: Technologies, Applications, and Opportunities

Gomes

Rodrigues

Rabêlo

et al. 2019

JSAN

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Ambient gas detection and measurement had become essential in diverse fields and applications, from preventing accidents, avoiding equipment malfunction, to air pollution warnings and granting the correct gas mixture to patients in hospitals. Gas leakage can reach large proportions, affecting entire neighborhoods or even cities, causing enormous environmental impacts. This paper elaborates on a deep review of the state of the art on gas-sensing technologies, analyzing the opportunities and main characteristics of the transducers, as well as towards their integration through the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. This should ease the information collecting and sharing processes, granting better experiences to users, and avoiding major losses and expenses. The most promising wireless-based solutions for ambient gas monitoring are analyzed and discussed, open research topics are identified, and lessons learned are shared to conclude the study.Technologies to sense gases and wireless communications support are elaborated in Sections 5 and 6, respectively. The most promising solutions in terms of sensing methods and IoT-enabled solutions are discussed in Section 7 and open research topics are identified. Lessons learned are shared at Section 8 and, finally, Section 9 concludes the study. Background on Environmental GasesSome gases are the key to ensure the functionality of systems and entire industries, as well as the presence of other gases being a problem in other fields, causing the loss of entire production lines, as in the food industry, or even cause the loss of lives and explosions. In this section, the most important gases in terms of pollution monitoring and control, health issues, and accident prevention are listed with their main characteristics.Oxygen (O 2 ) is the most important gas for life, and is crucial in numerous fields. Patients under anesthesia, or recovering from surgery and from certain diseases need controlled O 2 doses to keep them alive and fully recovered. The decrease of oxygen levels in enclosed spaces can be related with other gases leakage, which would lead people inside these spaces to asphyxiate, leading to an unconscious state, or even to death [29]. Numerous industrial processes rely on the correct concentration of this gas to achieve the best results, mainly chemical and combustion, which without the correct percentages will not grant the best performance of systems. Engine control systems depend on the correct mixture to achieve the expected performances, whether it is lower fuel consumption or power and speed [29][30][31][32].Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a colorless, odorless gas, generated by the oxidation and combustion of hydrocarbon, as well as by living beings in the respiration process. It is a key gas for the greenhouse effect, and the increase of its levels, in the presence of other gases, is related with atmospheric pollution. It is also the key gas on the oxygen production by the photosynthesis process. The accumulation of this gas in enclosed spaces can be responsible to s...

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“…The LoRaWAN specification defines three device types: class A, class B and class C. All LoRaWAN devices must implement Class A, whereas Class B and Class C are extensions to the specification of Class A devices. Figure 3 presents a representation of LoRa and LoRaWAN protocol stacks as given in [6].…”

Section: Lora/lorawanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, features such as range, date rate, power consumption, license and security are important issues in the definition or the choice of a certain technology for a particular solution. In this study, link layer protocols are classified into two groups defined according to their range coverage: short and long range following the work in [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Link Layer Protocols for Internet of Things

Abdelmoumen¹

2019

IJCA

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Internet of Things (IoT) consists of smart objects that communicate together, collect and exchange data. IoT has now a wide range of domain applications such as industry, logistics, healthcare, smart environment, as well as personal, social gaming robot, and smart city. The characteristics required by applications, such as coverage area, transmission data rate, and applicability, refer to the link layer designs of protocols. This paper presents a study of proposed link layer protocols that are used in IoT grouped by short and long distance coverage. For short range protocols, this article study the following: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Near Field Communication (NFC), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs), Z-Wave and IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n/ah. For the long range protocols, Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Long Range Protocol (LoRa), and SigFox protocols are considered. A comparative study is performed for each group of protocols, considering their characteristics in order to provide a guideline for researchers and application developers to select the right communication protocol for different applications.

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MAC Layer Protocols for Internet of Things: A Survey

Cited by 105 publications

References 69 publications

IoT Connectivity Technologies and Applications: A Survey

IoT Connectivity Technologies and Applications: A Survey

IoT-Enabled Gas Sensors: Technologies, Applications, and Opportunities

A Review of Link Layer Protocols for Internet of Things

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