M protein gene ( emm type) analysis of group A Streptococcus isolates recovered during an acute glomerulonephritis outbreak in northern Western Australia

Speers, David; Levy, Avram; Gichamo, Adanech; Eastwood, Ashley; Leung, M.

doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2017.09.001

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The large number of concurrently circulating emm types (between 19 and 37 emm types per screening time period) is consistent with observations from other settings with high prevalence of impetigo [13,[21][22][23]. Studies in a mouse model of skin infection suggest re-infection with the same emm type within a short period is required to stimulate type-specific immunity following skin infection [24].…”

Section: Accepted Manuscript 14supporting

confidence: 84%

Longitudinal Analysis of Group A Streptococcus emm Types and emm Clusters in a High-Prevalence Setting: Relationship between Past and Future Infections

Campbell

Tong

Geard

et al. 2019

The Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Group A Streptococcus is a pathogen of global importance, but despite the ubiquity of group A Streptococcus infections, the relationship between infection, colonization, and immunity is still not completely understood. The M protein, encoded by the emm gene, is a major virulence factor and vaccine candidate and forms the basis of a number of classification systems. Longitudinal patterns of emm types collected from 457 Fijian schoolchildren over a 10-month period were analyzed. No evidence of tissue tropism was observed, and there was no apparent selective pressure or constraint of emm types. Patterns of emm type acquisition suggest limited, if any, modification of future infection based on infection history. Where impetigo is the dominant mode of transmission, circulating emm types either may not be constrained by ecological niches or population immunity to the M protein, or they may require several infections over a longer period of time to induce such immunity.

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Section: Accepted Manuscript 14supporting

confidence: 84%

Longitudinal Analysis of Group A Streptococcus emm Types and emm Clusters in a High-Prevalence Setting: Relationship between Past and Future Infections

Campbell

Tong

Geard

et al. 2019

The Journal of Infectious Diseases

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“…6 Diagnosis of Post streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (PSAGN) in our study depended on presence on hematuria with or without proteinuria, low complement 3 (C3), normal complement 4 (C4) with evidence of recent streptococcal infection of throat or skin. 7 Diagnosis of Hypercalciuria was considered when urinary calcium to Urinary creatinine ratio ≥0.2. 8…”

Section: Combination Of Both Hematuria and Proteinuria (Chp)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Urine screening for a sample of egyptian school students: two centers experience

El-Gamasy

Fakhreldin

2018

IJFCM

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Abbreviations: RBCs, red blood cells; CHP, combination of both hematuria and proteinuria; PSAGN, post streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis; IH, isolated hematuria; IP, isolated proteinuria; DMP, diffuse mesangial proliferation; SLE, systemic lupus erytheromatosis Ethical issues I. The research followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.II. Obtaining informed written or oral consents from the students' parents or their school managers.III. The study was carried out after approval from by the Research Ethical Committees of Tanta and Aswan Faculties of Medicine.All participants in this study were instructed to collect a sample of urine by voiding a clean catch mid stream urine specimen into a 200 ml vessel, which was sent to a laboratory of clinical pathology departments Int J Fam Commun Med. 2018;2(1):22-26 22 Abstract Background: Mass urine screening was a beneficial method to determine the prevalence of kidney disorders and to improve their sequlae. Our work was done to determine the prevalence of silent (hidden) urinary abnormal findings among primary school students in Gharbia and Aswan Governates in Egypt. Subjects and methods:Apparently 2505 healthy primary school students were included in this study. Urine screening was done by urine sampling using the urinary dipstick method.Results: Sixty six children (2.6 %) had urinary abnormalities at the first urine screening test and only thirty six (1.4%) had urinary abnormalities at the second screening. Of the children who had urinary abnormalities, eighteen (0.72%) had isolated hematuria (IH), six (0.24%) had isolated proteinuria (IP) and twelve (0.48%) had combined hematuria and proteinuria (CHP). Renal biopsy was performed on 12 children 6 [50%] with CHP, 3[25%] with IH and 3[25%] with IP. Post streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (PSAGN) was identified in 9 (50%), hypercalciuria in 3(16.7%), urolithiasis in 3(16.7%) and undetermined cause in 3(16.7%) of the IH children. Three (50 %) of the IP children had orthostatic proteinuria and the other 3(50%) had focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The pattern of kidney diseases in CHP children was PSAGN in 6(50%), diffuse mesangial proliferation in 3 (25%) and IgA nephropathy in 3(25%). Conclusions:Asymptomatic urinary abnormalities were reported in a few number of primary school students in Gharbia and Aswan Governates in Egypt and PSAGN was the main etiology for these urinary findings. Nine (0.36%) of studied subjects had evidence of chronic kidney disease. This study clarified the significance of comparing the cost-benefit ratio for the application of the national program of the urine screening among school children.Citation: El-Gamasy MA, Fakhreldin AR. Urine screening for a sample of egyptian school students: two centers experience. Int J Fam Commun Med. 2018;2(1):22-26.

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“…8 Data on the site of isolation were not included in this review because some studies did not describe the site from which GAS was isolated. A study from Australia 13 and another from Ethiopia 26 noted that APSGN cases were more commonly associated with skin disease than pharyngitis; future investigations into the relationship between the GAS emm type, underlying disease, and APSGN are therefore indicated. We compared the observed proportions of APSGN-related emm types with expected proportions from previous reports of all GAS diseases, 9 but the studies we examined were not necessarily representative of the broader population from which they came.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whereas in 2018 the 71st World Health Assembly adopted a resolution calling for greater action on GAS-associated rheumatic heart disease, 10 APSGN has not received the same attention despite continued outbreaks in geographical regions where rates of rheumatic heart disease are also elevated. [11][12][13] Research into APSGN also trails significantly behind research into acute rheumatic fever (ARF), another GAS sequela. A review of population-based studies identified 38 articles documenting the incidence of ARF compared with just 11 studies of APSGN, despite similar estimates of the global prevalence of each disease (471,000 cases per year in ARF and 472,000 cases of APSGN).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review of Group A Streptococcal emm Types Associated with Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

Worthing

Lacey

Price

et al. 2019

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is a postinfectious immune-mediated kidney disease associated with group A Streptococcus (GAS). The prevalence of APSGN varies within and between countries and is influenced by socioeconomic, host, and bacterial factors. The disease is more prevalent in developing countries and resource-poor settings of developed countries, such as the Indigenous populations residing in tropical Australia. The M-protein is a universally present GAS surface antigen that is the focus of molecular typing and vaccine research. Early reports suggested that some M-proteins (emm types) are more likely to cause APSGN than others. Here, we present the first systematic review of the global distribution of APSGN-associated GAS emm types. There were 46 emm types among the 676 cases described in 15 reviewed articles. Only 43% APSGN cases would have had theoretical coverage from the experimental M protein-based GAS vaccine. Vaccine coverage was higher in regions such as North America (97%) and the United Kingdom (98%) than Africa (67%) and Australia (38%). Variable vaccine coverage against APSGN-associated emm types highlights the need for further research into this disease, particularly in settings of poverty, where APSGN prevalence is higher. Three GAS emm types (emm49, emm60, and emm55) consistently occur in APSGN cases around the world. Future studies would therefore benefit from examining the genomic epidemiology of these emm types to unravel potential markers of APSGN.

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M protein gene ( emm type) analysis of group A Streptococcus isolates recovered during an acute glomerulonephritis outbreak in northern Western Australia

Cited by 8 publications

References 14 publications

Longitudinal Analysis of Group A Streptococcus emm Types and emm Clusters in a High-Prevalence Setting: Relationship between Past and Future Infections

Longitudinal Analysis of Group A Streptococcus emm Types and emm Clusters in a High-Prevalence Setting: Relationship between Past and Future Infections

Urine screening for a sample of egyptian school students: two centers experience

Systematic Review of Group A Streptococcal emm Types Associated with Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

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