M‐mode echocardiography study in growing Spanish mastiffs

Bayón, Alejandro; Palacio, María Josefa Fernández del; Montes, Ana; Panizo, Cándido Gutiérrez

doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1994.tb03953.x

Cited by 37 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In line with previously published data in growing ponies and Thoroughbred foals [14,28] and in dogs of different breeds [2,3,10], several echocardiographic measurements increased progressively with age in our study, although the groups of age between which significant differences existed varied according to the echocardiographic parameter. The most marked increases in the dimensions of chambers (AOD, ABS, AJT and LV), LVFWT and IVST were found between groups B and C for the fillies and between groups D and E for the colts.…”

Section: Comparison Of the Echocardiographic Measurements In Spanish supporting

confidence: 92%

“…However, other authors found that young animals have a better myocardial contractility, because of the lower peripheral vascular resistance and/or of the higher HR. Therefore, higher values for FS%, FWT% and FST% were found in puppies [3]. In addition, Della Torre et al [7] demonstrated that FS% is greatly influenced by BW, with large dogs having lower values than small dogs.…”

Section: Comparison Of the Echocardiographic Measurements In Spanish mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Two-Dimensional- and M-Mode Echocardiographic Measurements and Indices of Cardiac Function in Spanish Colts and Fillies of Different Age

Rovira

Muñoz

2009

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Echocardiographic values need to be established for each age and breed to be applied to equine medicine. The present research aims to describe echocardiographic measurements in Spanish fillies and colts of different age, to compare these values with those previously described for other equine breeds and to determine whether there is an influence of gender on echocardiographic measurements. Seventy unsedated and healthy Spanish foals of both sexes (39 females and 31 males) were divided into five age groups: A (22-60 days; n=15), B (61-90 days; n=13), C (91-180 days; n=18), D (181-270 days; n=12) and E (271-394 days; n=12). The following echocardiographic measurements were made: left ventricular internal dimensions, left ventricular free wall thickness and interventricular septum thickness at systole and at diastole. Mitral and tricuspid valve thickness was also determined. Opening velocity of the mitral valve in early diastole (DE slope), pattern of transmitral flow (E/A ratio) and echocardiographic mitral valve E point-septal separation (EPSS) were calculated from specific points in the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. Aorta diameters were measured at the level of the valve leaflets, at the sino-tubular junction, at the valve level and at the sinus of Valsalva. Performance indices of the left ventricle were obtained. Most of the echocardiographic parameters increased with age, being the increases more marked up to 180 days of age. Fraction shortening, ejection fraction, stroke volume index, fractional septum and fractional wall thickening did not differ between groups. Some differences were found between fillies and colts in the different age groups, which could have been linked to the different body weight.KEY WORDS: age, echocardiography, gender, heart, horses.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 71 (7): [957][958][959][960][961][962][963][964] 2009 Echocardiography has become one of the most important tools in the diagnosis, assessment and prognosis of congenital and acquired heart diseases in horses. Although this fact can be applied to all the animal species, it is especially true in large animals, in which most of the non-invasive cardiac diagnostic tools are of limited value because of their size and the specific anatomy and physiology of the heart [22].Before extended practical application, quantitative echocardiographic measurements are required in order to establish whether cardiac dimensions are appropriate for an individual. Echocardiographic data can be affected by many physiological factors, such as body size [4,9,14,23,28] It has been demonstrated that breed is a factor that can cause echocardiographic measurements in dogs of the same weight to differ [17] and the same might be true for horses. Slater and Herrtage [27] studied 41 horses of mixed age, sex and breed, including small and large ponies and horses. They concluded that it is not possible to predict normal values for equine heart dimensions from data derived from multiple breeds. Most of the articles presenting echocardiographic reference ...

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Section: Comparison Of the Echocardiographic Measurements In Spanish supporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Comparison Of the Echocardiographic Measurements In Spanish mentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Dimensional- and M-Mode Echocardiographic Measurements and Indices of Cardiac Function in Spanish Colts and Fillies of Different Age

Rovira

Muñoz

2009

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…Some investigators have shown a nonlinear relationship between cardiac dimensions and body weight in dogs throughout their postnatal growth period, but the nonlinear relationship was observed primarily at very young ages (with animals of smaller body weights), and relatively linear associations were found in older dogs (with greater body weights). 13,14 Other investigators demonstrated a linear relationship between cardiac dimensions and body weight for adult dogs weighing 4.5-30 kg, similar to our observations. 8 Finally, we have not examined dogs with left-heart disease.…”

Section: Study Limitationssupporting

confidence: 82%

Evaluation of Four 2‐Dimensional Echocardiographic Methods of Assessing Left Atrial Size in Dogs

Rishniw

Erb

2000

Veterinary Internal Medicne

280

138

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Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography is the cornerstone of noninvasive evaluation of the cardiac patient, and often involves estimating left atrial (LA) size. However, 2D echocardiographic methods of estimating LA size have been inadequately described, and most reference intervals are based on M-mode echocardiographic measurements. We determined reference intervals for 4 different 2D echocardiographic methods of estimating LA size in adult (Ն9-month-old) dogs without cardiovascular disease. Thirtysix dogs, placed in right lateral recumbency, were examined by 2D echocardiography. The left atrium was measured at specific time points in the cardiac cycle. Measurement methods were LA diameter in short axis, LA diameter in long axis, LA circumference in short axis, and LA cross-sectional area in short axis. Comparisons of these LA dimensions to appropriate aortic dimensions provided body weight-independent estimates of LA size. We found strong associations of LA dimensions with body weight (r 2 ϭ .76-.88). Comparable body weight-independent 2D echocardiographic estimates of LA size in short axis exceeded historical Mmode reference intervals. These data provide echocardiographers with reference intervals for 2D echocardiographic estimates of LA size in adult dogs.Key words: Canine; Cardiac; Echocardiography; Heart; Left atrium; Normal.E chocardiography is the standard method for noninvasive assessment of cardiac function, anatomy, and pathology in domestic animals and humans. Standard imaging planes have been described for 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiography in dogs. 1 Similarly, cardiologists have developed guidelines for assessing function using M-mode echocardiography.Evaluation of left-heart disease usually includes assessment of the size of the left atrium. 2 This evaluation allows the investigator to gauge the severity of the disease and the risk of developing left-sided congestive heart failure. In dogs, the risk of developing congestive heart failure increases with increasing left atrial (LA) size, because LA hypertrophy and stretch reflect increased LA pressure. 3 Several investigators have examined an M-mode method of estimating LA size in small animals based on a method used in human medicine. [4][5][6] Those investigators correlated LA short-axis diameter to body weight or body surface area, and also derived a body weight-independent measure of LA size (left atrium : aorta; [LA : Ao]). 6 A body weightindependent measure of LA size (such as LA : Ao) does not require a body weight measurement and, more importantly, provides a more consistent measure of LA size for any individual, because the aortic diameter in an adult dog would be expected to change less over time than body weight.Unfortunately, the current M-mode method has inherent limitations. These include difficulty in reliably imaging the maximum diameter of the aorta and potentially transecting the left auricle (rather than the LA body) with the M-mode cursor. Consequently, many cardiologists and echocardi- ographers have resorted to measuring LA pa...

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“…9,19,20 Other investigators have utilized power regressions against W of the form YЈ ϭ AW B , where A and B were the model parameters to be estimated. 9,19,20 The exponent (B) from power regressions for dogs in this study was never demonstrably different from the constant shape value of ⅓. Exponent values from earlier reports have been similar, and it has been noted previously that ⅓ is the analytically correct value.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

M‐Mode Echocardiographic Ratio Indices in Normal Dogs, Cats, and Horses: A Novel Quantitative Method

Brown

Rush

MacGregor

et al. 2003

Veterinary Internal Medicne

114

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A novel method for quantitative echocardiographic interpretations is introduced based on the calculation of ratio indices in which each raw M-mode measurement is divided by the aortic root dimension (Ao). ''Aorta-based'' indices were calculated with the animal's measured aortic root dimension (Ao m ) as the length standard. Conversely, ''weight-based'' indices employed an idealized estimate of aortic dimension (Ao w ) with a weighted least squares linear regression against the cube root of body weight (Ao w ϭ kW 1/3 ). Use of these indices circumvented undesirable statistical characteristics inherent in linear regression of echocardiographic dimensions against body weight and, to a lesser extent, body surface area. Compared with the regressions, ratio indices resulted in substantial refinement of the predictive range for each M-mode measurement in dogs, particularly with decreasing body size. Weight-based indices outperformed aorta-based indices in this regard. To refine the predictive range, neither type of index was clearly advantageous in cats compared with the simple average method typically employed for that species. Several of the raw Mmode measurements, however, were correlated with body weight in cats and horses, indicating the need for an appropriate correction for body size in these species. The ratio index method was suitable for this purpose. Summary statistics derived from normal dogs (n ϭ 53), cats (n ϭ 32), and horses (n ϭ 17) are presented for each index, including novel clinical indices calculated from area ratios. The latter were designed to represent body size-adjusted left ventricular stroke area (ie, volume overload) and myocardial wall area (ie, hypertrophy).Key words: Cardiac; Echocardiography; Heart. E chocardiographic studies have become routine for the diagnosis and evaluation of heart disease in veterinary medicine. Two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) is used to visualize complex anatomic relationships, and Mmode echocardiography is used predominantly for quantification of cardiac dimensions. Increasingly, 2DE also is used for quantification. [1][2][3][4][5] Numerous quantitative evaluations of M-mode echocardiographic and 2DE recordings have been published. Echocardiographic interpretations by cardiologists, however, often are accomplished by visual inspection of the 2DE in real time and not necessarily by reference to published normal dimensions. This implies that these interpretations are the result of comparisons between structures visible on the 2DE in conjunction with extensive experience and knowledge of cardiac pathophysiology. An experienced echocardiographer is distinguished by a practiced eye and intimate familiarity with these relationships.Quantitative echocardiographic measurements still are required to establish whether cardiac dimensions are appropriate for the size of an individual. Published regressions of M-mode dimensions against body mass, however, might not agree with the visual interpretation of the cardiologist. Confidence intervals of these regressions ar...

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M‐mode echocardiography study in growing Spanish mastiffs

Cited by 37 publications

References 18 publications

Two-Dimensional- and M-Mode Echocardiographic Measurements and Indices of Cardiac Function in Spanish Colts and Fillies of Different Age

Two-Dimensional- and M-Mode Echocardiographic Measurements and Indices of Cardiac Function in Spanish Colts and Fillies of Different Age

Evaluation of Four 2‐Dimensional Echocardiographic Methods of Assessing Left Atrial Size in Dogs

M‐Mode Echocardiographic Ratio Indices in Normal Dogs, Cats, and Horses: A Novel Quantitative Method

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