M Cells as Portals of Entry for HIV

Owen, Robert L.

doi:10.1159/000028011

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…Rectal follicles have been proposed to be sites for local induction of immune responses in BALB/c mice [24] and the LLN to drain the rectum and the reproductive tract [25,26]. In this work, we traced RV-specific B lymphocytes induced early in BALB/c mice during the primary response to 2/6 VLP, administered by the IR route in the presence of the mucosal adjuvant LT-R192G.…”

Section: Dicussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and phenotype of rotavirus-specific B cells induced during the antigen-driven primary response to 2/6 virus-like particles administered by the intrarectal and the intranasal routes

Martino

Basset

Ogier

et al. 2007

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

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Selection of mucosal sites is an important step in mucosal vaccine development. The intrarectal (IR) route represents an alternative to the oral route of immunization; nevertheless, immune responses induced by this route are not well defined. Here, we studied the early primary B cell response (induction, homing, and phenotype) induced by IR immunization with rotavirus (RV)-2/6 virus-like particles (VLP). Using flow cytometry, we traced RV-specific B cells in different lymphoid tissues and analyzed the expression of alpha4beta7 and CCR9, which are important receptors for homing to the gut, as well as CD5, a marker expressed by B1-a cells, which are a major source of natural antibodies. We observed a massive, specific B cell response in rectal follicles, lumbar, and mesenteric lymph nodes but not in Peyer's patches or cervical lymph nodes. A minority of cells expressed alpha4beta7, suggesting a probable lack of migration to the gut, whereas CCR9 and CD5 were expressed by 30-50% and 30-75% of specific B cells, respectively. Then, we compared the intranasal route of immunization and observed similar B cell frequency and phenotype but in respiratory lymphoid tissues. These results confirm the high compartmentalization of B cell responses within the mucosal system. They show that CCR9 expression, conversely to alpha4beta7, is not restricted to B cells induced in the gut. Finally, an important part of the RV-specific B cell response induced at the mucosal level during the primary response to VLP is most likely a result of B1-a cells.

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Section: Dicussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and phenotype of rotavirus-specific B cells induced during the antigen-driven primary response to 2/6 virus-like particles administered by the intrarectal and the intranasal routes

Martino

Basset

Ogier

et al. 2007

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

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“…This property is abused by certain pathogenic microbes, of which the best known are Shigella , Yersinia , and Salmonella (reviewed in 3). Viruses such as mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) (4, 5), reoviruses (6, 7), human immunodeficiency virus (8, 9), and prions (10) can be added to the list of pathogens taking advantage of the unique property of M cells to provide them with a safe passage through the epithelial barrier. While this phenomenon has drawn much attention to M cells, it has also undermined their reputation as cells critically important in immune defense.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of intestinal M cells

Mach

Hshieh

Hsieh

et al. 2005

Immunological Reviews

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Intestinal epithelium contains several specialized cell types including M cells, which can be found in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) or occasionally on the villi. M cells are critical for sampling of intestinal flora and for transferring pathogens across the epithelial barrier for recognition by the immune system. Development of M cells on the villi (M(v)) is independent of the presence of lymphocytes, while development of the FAE and M cells within the FAE (M(f)) is dependent on B lymphocytes. Here, the concept is discussed that B cells are not required for induction of M(f) differentiation but are required for transition to and maintenance of the mature M(f) phenotype. Signaling pathways possibly involved in the B-cell-independent stages of M-cell development are also discussed.

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“…Human rectal mucosal contains the highest density of mucosal lymphoid follicles in the large intestine (23). Owen (28) has demonstrated active uptake of reovirus by M cells into murine rectal lymphoid tissue containing CD4 lymphocytes and macrophages. Eriksson and coworkers (11) have demonstrated large numbers of specific IgA and IgG antibody‐secreting cells in dissociated primate rectal tissues after local administration of cholera toxin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remote glucosyltransferase‐microparticle vaccine delivery induces protective immunity in the oral cavity

Smith¹,

Lam²,

Barnes³

et al. 2003

Oral Microbiology and Immunology

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Intranasally administered dental caries vaccines show significant promise for human application. Alternate mucosal routes may be required, however, to induce caries-protective salivary IgA antibody in children with respiratory diseases. Since rectal mucosa contains inductive lymphoid tissue, we hypothesized that the rectal route could be used to induce salivary immunity to mutans streptococcal glucosyltransferase (GTF), resulting in protective immunity to experimental dental caries. We first explored the ability of glucosyltransferase, incorporated into polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) microparticles (MP), and administered rectally together with mucosal adjuvant, to induce a salivary IgA antibody response. Groups of Sprague-Dawley rats (6/group) were immunized rectally on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 with a) GTF-MP alone, b) GTF-MP with cholera toxin, c) GTF-MP with detoxified mutant Escherichia coli toxin (dLT), or d) sham immunized with PLGA and cholera toxin. An additional group was immunized intranasally with GTF-MP alone. Saliva and nasal washes of all intranasally immunized rats contained IgA antibody to glucosyltransferase on day 28. Salivary IgA antibody was also detected in 7/12 rats rectally immunized with GTF-MP and cholera toxin or dLT, although responses were lower than those obtained by intranasal immunization. Most fecal extracts from rectally delivered GTF-MP plus cholera toxin or dLT rats contained IgA antibody to GTF-MP. Low levels of fecal IgA antibody were detected in 3/6 intranasally immunized rats and 2/6 rats rectally immunized with GTF-MP alone. We then examined the extent to which salivary IgA antibody induced by the rectal route could be protective. At 25, 31 and 38 days of age, two groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats (13/group) were rectally immunized with GTF-MP and cholera toxin or with empty microparticles and cholera toxin (sham group). A third group was intranasally immunized with GTF-MP alone. After demonstrating salivary IgA responses to GTF in most GTF-immunized rats, all animals were infected with streptomycin-resistant Streptococcus sobrinus and placed on diet 2000. After 79 days of infection, total caries on molar surfaces were lower in both rectally (7.9 +/- 1.0) and intranasally (7.1 +/- 0.9; P < 0.0.03) immunized groups compared with the sham-immunized group (11.9 +/- 1.6). Smooth surface caries were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in both rectally and intranasally immunized groups. These results support the interconnectedness of the mucosal immune system and indicate that rectal immunization with GTF-MP, together with adjuvant, or intranasal immunization with GTF-MP alone, can induce protective levels of salivary antibody in rats.

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M Cells as Portals of Entry for HIV

Cited by 12 publications

References 18 publications

Distribution and phenotype of rotavirus-specific B cells induced during the antigen-driven primary response to 2/6 virus-like particles administered by the intrarectal and the intranasal routes

Distribution and phenotype of rotavirus-specific B cells induced during the antigen-driven primary response to 2/6 virus-like particles administered by the intrarectal and the intranasal routes

Development of intestinal M cells

Remote glucosyltransferase‐microparticle vaccine delivery induces protective immunity in the oral cavity

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