Lysozymes, Proteinase K, Bacteriophage E Lysis Proteins, and some Chemical Compounds for Microbial Ghosts Preparation: a Review and Food for Thought

Amara, Amro Abd Al Fattah

doi:10.15226/2376-4589/2/1/00110

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…One of the benefits of this protocol that it can be used for strain differentiation rather than ghost cells preparation. Additionally, enzymes and proteins are able to introduce pores in the microbes when used at their MIC and MGC values [24,25]. The white egg lysozyme was used to induce an emergence protocol for ghost cells preparation that could be used globally [24].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Minimum Inhibition and Growth Concentrations for Controlling Fungal Infections as well as Ghost Cells Preparation: Aspergillus flavus as a Model

El-Baky

Sharaf

Amer

et al. 2018

BJSTR

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There is an increasing interest toward the understanding of the important fungus, Aspergillus flavus, which has a high impact on our health and economy. Controlling such microbe could be achieved by evacuating its cells using simple tool. Recently, the Sponge-Like protocol for bacterial ghosts' preparation was introduced. Then, this protocol concept was extended to include not only bacterial cells but also yeast cells as well as viruses. In this study, for the first time we applied this protocol to pathogenic fungi as Aspergillus flavus turning it to unviable, dead and evacuated ghost cells. We introduce the idea of using the minimum growth concentration (MGC) and the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for controlling Aspergillus flavus and other type of fungi either in our food or those infecting us. Using mixture of compounds proves to have effect on certain microbes upon the use of their minimum effect, which could be a solution for treating many diseases without damaging the cells and tissues as well as our organs. A. flavus which is responsible for causing different superficial infections besides its ability to produce hazardous aflatoxins was used as a model in this study. The future will show an increasing interest in this protocol either for ghost cells preparation or controlling pathogens with minimum side effects of the used destabilizing and killing compounds or drugs. Any chemical compound that could achieve the same goal is invited. We strongly recommend and encourage conducting research in this field using the same or similar tactics and idea.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Minimum Inhibition and Growth Concentrations for Controlling Fungal Infections as well as Ghost Cells Preparation: Aspergillus flavus as a Model

El-Baky

Sharaf

Amer

et al. 2018

BJSTR

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evacuating microbes from their cytoplasmic content is a natural phenomenon [26]. [27] and others reported that pores could be introduced to the microbial cell walls and/or membranes as a result of different mechanisms [26,[28][29][30][31], such as evacuating the gram-negative bacteria via bacteriophage infection [26]. Bacteriophage E lysis gene is used for evacuating bacterial cells and turning them into ghost cells via controlling their expression using heat sensitive promoter [26,28,[31][32][33][34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its main concept is using active chemical compounds that can induce pores in the microbial cell membrane/wall and degrade its DNA at concentrations that do not change the surface antigens or the 3D structure [35]. This enables the evacuation of each of gramnegative, gram-positive spore forming bacteria and eukaryotes such as the yeast, as well as viruses such as Newcastle virus [26,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]. Recently, both Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger, and their spores were evacuated and turned into ghost-spores [49,50].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oyster Mushroom Spores Ghost Preparation for Medicinal, Biotechnological and Forensic Applications

Haddad¹,

Sharaf

Kenawy

et al. 2019

BJSTR

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Recently, a simple protocol, named Sponge Like Protocol (SLP) was introduced for the preparation of bacterial ghost cells. This protocol is based on determination of both, the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and the minimum growth concentration (MGC) of some chemical compounds, which can induce pore(s) formation in the target microbial cell membrane/wall. Fine tuning of the effective concentrations of these chemical compounds enables cell evacuation while maintaining its correct 3D structure. The intact surface antigens are still able to activate the immune system as proven by the previous studies. The current study is a further step to evacuate another cell type, the spores of oyster mushroom, for the first time. The serial dilution method was controlled by direct plate count method to determine the correct concentrations of both MIC and MGC. Both of the DNA and proteins, which were released from the evacuated spores, were determined spectrophotometrically at 260 and 280nm, respectively. The evacuated spores' quality was determined using both light and electron microscopes. The results showed a typical ghost-spore particle structure that can be used in medicinal, environmental, biotechnological, and forensic applications. We recommend the application of the current protocol for preparing various ghost-spore particles from different fungal origins. This method could have a potential use in reducing fungal spore pollution.

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“…The enzymes when used in their minimum killing activity concentrations and their minimum living activity concentrations succeeded to turn the spore former bacteria to ghosts [8]. One could say that this protocol and its concept enable the evacuation of the biological cells without harming their cell wall or their outer membrane [9][10][11]. Such protocol will open many applications concerning the viable biological cells and the evacuated biological cells.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Evacology: Could it be a New Science

Aa¹

2017

Cell Mol Med

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Lysozymes, Proteinase K, Bacteriophage E Lysis Proteins, and some Chemical Compounds for Microbial Ghosts Preparation: a Review and Food for Thought

Cited by 7 publications

References 20 publications

The Minimum Inhibition and Growth Concentrations for Controlling Fungal Infections as well as Ghost Cells Preparation: Aspergillus flavus as a Model

The Minimum Inhibition and Growth Concentrations for Controlling Fungal Infections as well as Ghost Cells Preparation: Aspergillus flavus as a Model

Oyster Mushroom Spores Ghost Preparation for Medicinal, Biotechnological and Forensic Applications

Cell Evacology: Could it be a New Science

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