Lysozyme and the Antibacterial Properties of Tears

Thompson, R. P. H.

doi:10.1001/archopht.1941.00870090115014

Cited by 19 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The action of lysozyme on organisms which have been suspended in the iodine solution and were then resuspended in Ringer solution was much delayed, but gave the same forms as with crystal violet stained cells ; namely, protoplasts at lowest iodine uptake, ' small bacilli ' at highest iodine uptake. Iodine is known to inhibit the action of lysozyme (Thompson, 1941).…”

Section: The Action Of Lysozyme On Bacillus M During the Different Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Structure and Quantitative Gram Stain of Bacillus megaterium

Scherrer

1963

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARYIn a strain of Bacillus megaterium the Gram reaction was investigated by comparing its effect on intact bacilli with its effects on bacilli treated with lysozyme in several different ways. The lysozyme-treated bacteria varied from bacilli showing only polar separation of the cell wall from the protoplasm to protoplasts free from cell wall. The uptake of the primary dye (crystal violet) by intact bacteria was higher than that of all lysozymedepolymerized cell forms. Iodine uptake depended on the previous uptake of crystal violet. Therefore it was lower for the lysozyme-depolymerized forms. Cell wall took up crystal violet and iodine in small quantity. The same dye iodine complex was formed in all cell structures (cell wall and protoplasm). Gram differentiation was obtained with 95 yo (v/v) ethanol in water, and this was found to extract much less of the dye iodine complex from intact bacteria than from the lysozyme-depolymerized forms. The latter lost about S0-90~0 of their net dye and iodine content, whereas intact bacilli lost only 20-45 %. This was due to the cell wall which formed a barrier to the ethanol extraction of the dye iodine complex, for organisms whose cell walls had been depolymerized or even dissolved by lysozpe during or after the iodine step of the Gram reaction lost much more dye and iodine than intact bacilli. Chemical integrity of the cell wall is a prerequisite for Gram positivity.

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Section: The Action Of Lysozyme On Bacillus M During the Different Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Structure and Quantitative Gram Stain of Bacillus megaterium

Scherrer

1963

Journal of General Microbiology

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“…Both freshly produced drug products and close to the close of the suggested expiry date should be assessed. Special Evaluation test for Nasal Spray: [58][59] Colour, Clarity & Display The container contents (i.e., the formulation) and the container closure system (for instance, pump components within the container) should be present as an indication of the integrity of the drug product as described in their respective descriptions. If the formulation is related to any color (whether originally present or from degradation procedures that occur during shelf life), then the manufacturer should set a quantifiable test with adequate recognition requirements for the drug product.…”

Section: Primary Package Stability (Unprotected)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nasal Route: A Breakthrough for Drug Delivery

Chattopadhyay¹,

Chakraborty²,

Maity³

et al. 2022

Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results

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Development and discovery are the two important parameters of evolution. With the progress of pharmaceutical science and technology, the empirical route of nose still remains one main attraction for the formulation of scientists. The nasal route has the capability to cover both topical and systematic delivery. The most important part of this route is that we can target the brain also. The extent to which a medicine may penetrate the Blood Brain Barrier is one of the factors that restricts the capacity of most treatments to treat illnesses of the Central Nervous System (CNS) (BBB). Tight junctions found in the endothelial cells of blood capillaries to the brain serve as a barrier to most medications and prevent them from passing through. The BBB successfully prevents hydrophilic substances from moving from the circulatory compartment to the brain tissue. Tight junctions between the cells prevent bulk passage across the capillary walls, unlike in other tissues. Nasal drug delivery strategies have emerged during the last few decades, some of which may be able to circumvent the difficulties in getting medications to cross the BBB. Various neuro-degenerative disorders like migraine, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer's disease, etc. can be targeted with that particular path. This article will bring light on several features, strategies, and obstacles of this pathway. Also, there are several dosage forms and their evaluation is provided. During the preclinical studies, there are several models like can be designed in in-vivo evaluation of nasal dosage form. Among all others models, the dog model has so many advantages and well suited for performing any trial related intranasal drug delivery.

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“…These results thus support the view that Gram positivity is due to the reduced accessibility of the CV-I complex to the solvent, resulting probably from a reduction in the pore size by dehydration of wall mucocomplexes by 95 per cent ethanol and possibly also from the presence of the large iodine atom, which may of course become associated with parts of the molecules as it does in other polysaccharides (41). However, as iodine is an inhibi- (108), it seems that the backbone in the wall is sufficiently free of CV-I complex or I to permit the enzyme to degrade the wall. These results also indicate that the CV-I complex is "attached" to the bacterial protoplast, either at the surface or distributed throughout the protoplasm.…”

Section: Permeabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Anatomy of the Bacterial Surface1

Saltón¹

1961

Bacteriological Reviews

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Lysozyme and the Antibacterial Properties of Tears

Cited by 19 publications

References 10 publications

Cell Structure and Quantitative Gram Stain of Bacillus megaterium

Cell Structure and Quantitative Gram Stain of Bacillus megaterium

Nasal Route: A Breakthrough for Drug Delivery

The Anatomy of the Bacterial Surface1

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