Lysozyme- and chitinase activity in latex bearing plants of genus Euphorbia – A contribution to plant defense mechanism

Sytwala, S; Günther, F; Melzig, Matthias F.

doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.07.004

Cited by 28 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Chitinase activity, soluble sugar content and proline content, which have widely been used as stress-related indices (Li et al 2013 ; Sytwala et al 2015 ), were analyzed in both non-inoculated and inoculated roots of wild and cultivated rice varieties. Chitinase activity was significantly higher in inoculated wild rice (153.67 U) than in non-inoculated wild rice (104.24 U; Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Epidermal and cortical cells play an essential role in plant disease resistance (Ma and Yamaji 2006 ). Additionally, chitinase can serve as a defense-related enzyme that inhibits fungal growth due to its function in breaking down chitin (Sytwala et al 2015 ). Proline and soluble sugar contents also play an important role in both biotic and abiotic stress resistance in plants (Li et al 2013 ; Liu et al 2014 ; Mostofa et al 2017 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Comparative analysis of the root transcriptomes of cultivated and wild rice varieties in response to Magnaporthe oryzae infection revealed both common and species-specific pathogen responses

Tian

Shi

Nasir

et al. 2018

Rice

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundMagnaporthe oryzae, the causal fungus of rice blast disease, negatively impacts global rice production. Wild rice (Oryza rufipogon), a relative of cultivated rice (O. sativa), possesses unique attributes that enable it to resist pathogen invasion. Although wild rice represents a major resource for disease resistance, relative to current cultivated rice varieties, no prior studies have compared the immune and transcriptional responses in the roots of wild and cultivated rice to M. oryzae.ResultsIn this study, we showed that M. oryzae could act as a typical root-infecting pathogen in rice, in addition to its common infection of leaves, and wild rice roots were more resistant to M. oryzae than cultivated rice roots. Next, we compared the differential responses of wild and cultivated rice roots to M. oryzae using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying the enhanced resistance of the wild rice roots. Results indicated that both common and genotype-specific mechanisms exist in both wild and cultivated rice that are associated with resistance to M. oryzae. In wild rice, resistance mechanisms were associated with lipid metabolism, WRKY transcription factors, chitinase activities, jasmonic acid, ethylene, lignin, and phenylpropanoid and diterpenoid metabolism; while the pathogen responses in cultivated rice were mainly associated with phenylpropanoid, flavone and wax metabolism. Although modulations in primary metabolism and phenylpropanoid synthesis were common to both cultivated and wild rice, the modulation of secondary metabolism related to phenylpropanoid synthesis was associated with lignin synthesis in wild rice and flavone synthesis in cultivated rice. Interestingly, while the expression of fatty acid and starch metabolism-related genes was altered in both wild and cultivated rice in response to the pathogen, changes in lipid acid synthesis and lipid acid degradation were dominant in cultivated and wild rice, respectively.ConclusionsThe response mechanisms to M. oryzae were more complex in wild rice than what was observed in cultivated rice. Therefore, this study may have practical implications for controlling M. oryzae in rice plantings and will provide useful information for incorporating and assessing disease resistance to M. oryzae in rice breeding programs.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12284-018-0211-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analysis of the root transcriptomes of cultivated and wild rice varieties in response to Magnaporthe oryzae infection revealed both common and species-specific pathogen responses

Tian

Shi

Nasir

et al. 2018

Rice

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A notable example, Theroa zethus feeds on ephemeral herbs in the Euphorbiaceae (euphorbs) that germinate and grow rapidly in response to seasonal monsoon rains in the American Southwest. When damaged, their Euphorbia and Chamaesyce host plants emit copious quantities of latex [8], a defensive fluid known to be poisonous in diverse plants [9–12], including in related euphorb species [13–15]. The latex coagulates as it exudes from the plant [16], potentially entrapping or gumming up insect herbivores [10, 17, 18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A notodontid novelty: Theroa zethus caterpillars use behavior and anti-predator weaponry to disarm host plants

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Unlike most notodontids, Theroa zethus larvae feed on plants that emit copious latex when damaged. To determine how the larvae overcome this defense, we filmed final instars on poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima , then simulated their behaviors and tested how the behaviors individually and combined affect latex exudation. Larvae initially scraped the stem, petiole, or midrib with their mandibles, then secreted acid from their ventral eversible gland (VEG) onto the abraded surface. Scraping facilitated acid penetration by disrupting the waxy cuticle. As the acid softened tissues, the larvae used their mandibles to compress the plant repeatedly, thereby rupturing the latex canals. Scraping, acid application, and compression created withered furrows that greatly diminished latex exudation distal to the furrows where the larvae invariably fed. The VEG in notodontids ordinarily serves to deter predators; when attacked, larvae spray acid aimed directly at the assailant. Using HPLC, we documented that the VEG secretion of T . zethus contains 30% formic acid (6.53M) with small amounts of butyric acid (0.05M). When applied to poinsettia petioles, the acids caused a similar reduction in latex outflow as VEG secretion milked from larvae. VEG acid could disrupt latex canals in part by stimulating the normal acid-growth mechanism employed by plants to loosen walls for cell elongation. Histological examination of cross sections in poinsettia midribs confirmed that cell walls within furrows were often highly distorted as expected if VEG acids weaken walls. Theroa zethus is the only notodontid caterpillar known to use mandibular scraping and VEG acid to disable plant defenses. However, we document that mandibular constriction of petioles occurs also in other notodontids including species that feed on hardwood trees. This capability may represent a pre-adaptation that facilitated the host shift in the Theroa lineage onto latex-bearing plants by enabling larvae to deactivate laticifers with minimal latex contact.

show abstract

“…Contact with secondary components triggers acute inflammation. In the case of plants from the family Euphorbiaceae, these secondary constituents are phenols, lipids, or polyterpenes, mainly diterpenes (phorbol esters) and proteins, which are present in latices [5][6][7][8]. One of the main present proteases in the latex of Euphorbia mauritanica L. is mauritanicain, a serine protease described by Flemmig et al [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serine Protease Mauritanicain from Euphorbia mauritanica and Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate Modulate the IL-8 Release in Fibroblasts and HaCaT Keratinocytes

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In recent years, skin reactions such as phytophotodermatitis, contact dermatitis, and other inflammatory responses after contact with chemicals from various plants, e.g., Heracleum mantegazzianum or Hippomane mancinella, are one of the hot topics in phytobiology. Occupational skin inflammation after contact with latices of plants from Euphorbiaceae are common among people who work with plants of this family. Activation of protein kinase C by G protein-coupled receptors such as protease-activated receptors is associated with skin inflammation. In this study, we focused on the inflammatory modulation potential of proteases combined with diterpenes on human skin. Because of its role as a proinflammatory cytokine, we concentrated on the release of IL-8 by fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Therefore, primary human dermal fibroblasts and the HaCaT keratinocytes cell line were used as a model. The results indicated that the combination of the protease mauritanicain from Euphorbia mauritanica and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate induced a significantly increased IL-8 release in HaCaT keratinocytes compared to single treatments. The obtained results also suggest that mauritanicain has an anti-inflammatory effect on primary human dermal fibroblasts.

show abstract

Lysozyme- and chitinase activity in latex bearing plants of genus Euphorbia – A contribution to plant defense mechanism

Cited by 28 publications

References 29 publications

Comparative analysis of the root transcriptomes of cultivated and wild rice varieties in response to Magnaporthe oryzae infection revealed both common and species-specific pathogen responses

Comparative analysis of the root transcriptomes of cultivated and wild rice varieties in response to Magnaporthe oryzae infection revealed both common and species-specific pathogen responses

A notodontid novelty: Theroa zethus caterpillars use behavior and anti-predator weaponry to disarm host plants

Serine Protease Mauritanicain from Euphorbia mauritanica and Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate Modulate the IL-8 Release in Fibroblasts and HaCaT Keratinocytes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About