Lysine or Threonine Deficiency Decreases Body Weight Gain in Growing Rats despite an Increase in Food Intake without Increasing Energy Expenditure in Response to FGF21

Moro, Joanna; Roisné-Hamelin, Gaëtan; Chaumontet, Catherine; Even, Patrick C.; Blais, Anne; Cansell, Céline; Piedcoq, Julien; Gaudichon, Claire; Tomé, Daniel; Azzout‐Marniche, Dalila

doi:10.3390/nu15010197

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The effect of lysine depletion on body composition in vivo is also controversial. In rats, lysine depletion can reduce body weight, fat mass, and lean mass [2,31]. Interestingly, pigs fed a lysine-depletion diet demonstrated a lower relative proportion of lean components; however, higher carcass fatty components were obtained, together with increased lipogenic genes [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lysine Deprivation Suppresses Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells: A Transcriptome Analysis

Lee

Lin

Zheng

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Growing evidence proves that amino acid restriction can reverse obesity by reducing adipose tissue mass. Amino acids are not only the building blocks of proteins but also serve as signaling molecules in multiple biological pathways. The study of adipocytes’ response to amino acid level changes is crucial. It has been reported that a low concentration of lysine suppresses lipid accumulation and transcription of several adipogenic genes in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. However, the detailed lysine-deprivation-induced cellular transcriptomic changes and the altered pathways have yet to be fully studied. Here, using 3T3-L1 cells, we performed RNA sequencing on undifferentiated and differentiated cells, and differentiated cells under a lysine-free environment, and the data were subjected to KEGG enrichment. We found that the differentiation process of 3T3-L1 cells to adipocytes required the large-scale upregulation of metabolic pathways, mainly on the mitochondrial TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and downregulation of the lysosomal pathway. Single amino acid lysine depletion suppressed differentiation dose dependently. It disrupted the metabolism of cellular amino acids, which could be partially reflected in the changes in amino acid levels in the culture medium. It inhibited the mitochondria respiratory chain and upregulated the lysosomal pathway, which are essential for adipocyte differentiation. We also noticed that cellular interleukin 6 (IL6) expression and medium IL6 level were dramatically increased, which was one of the targets for suppressing adipogenesis induced by lysine depletion. Moreover, we showed that the depletion of some essential amino acids such as methionine and cystine could induce similar phenomena. This suggests that individual amino acid deprivation may share some common pathways. This descriptive study dissects the pathways for adipogenesis and how the cellular transcriptome was altered under lysine depletion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lysine Deprivation Suppresses Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells: A Transcriptome Analysis

Lee

Lin

Zheng

et al. 2023

IJMS

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“…Lysine is an essential amino acid known for positive nitrogen balance in the human body through its abundance in different human proteins [15]. Lysine deficiency results in a decrease in body weight gain [16]. A lysine-deficient diet reduces growth and bone metabolism, which impacts calcium intestinal absorption and collagen synthesis [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovery of free glycated amines and glycated urea as potential markers of diabetic nephropathy

Shaikh,

Das,

Chaurasiya

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The role of protein glycation in the pathogenesis of diabetes is well established. Akin to proteins, free amino acids and other small-molecule amines are also susceptible to glycation in hyperglycemic conditions and may have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. However, the information on glycation of free amino acids and other small- molecule amines is relatively obscure. In the quest to discover small molecule glycated amines in the plasma, we have synthesized glycated amino acids, glycated creatine, and glycated urea, and by using a high-resolution accurate mass spectrometer, a mass spectral library was developed comprising the precursor and predominant fragment masses of glycated amines. Using this information, we report the discovery of glycation of free lysine, arginine, and leucine/isoleucine from the plasma of diabetic patients. This has great physiological significance as glycation of these amino acids may create their deficiency and affect vital physiological processes such as protein synthesis, cell signaling and insulin secretion. Also, these glycated amino acids could serve as potential markers of diabetes and its complications. On the other hand, accumulation of creatinine and urea in the plasma act as biomarkers of diabetic nephropathy diagnosis. For the first time, we report the detection of glycated urea in diabetes, which is confirmed by matching the precursor and fragment masses with thein vitrosynthesized glycated urea by using12C6 and13C6-glucose. Further, we quantified glycated urea detected in two forms, monoglycated urea (MGU) and diglycated urea (DGU), by a targeted mass spectrometric approach in the plasma of healthy, diabetes, and diabetic nephropathy subjects. Both MGU and DGU showed a positive correlation with clinical parameters such as blood glucose and HbA1c. Given that urea gets converted to glycated urea in hyperglycemic conditions, it is crucial to quantify MGU and DGU along with the urea for the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy.

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“…Threonine is involved in many metabolic processes. One animal study showed that when threonine was deficient, rats gained less weight and expended less energy [32]. Alanine is an important part of the glucose-alanine cycle.…”

Section: Macrosomia and Amino Acids In Maternal Serummentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Macrosomia and Amino Acids’ Levels in Maternal and Cord Sera: A Case-Control Study

et al. 2023

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This study aims to explore the relationship between macrosomia and amino acids in maternal and cord sera. Methods: In the case-control study, 78 pairs of mothers and newborns were recruited from December 2016 to November 2019. Participants were divided into the macrosomia group (BW ≥ 4000 g, n = 39) and the control group (BW between 2500 g and 3999 g, n = 39) according to the birth weight (BW) of newborns. Maternal vein blood samples were collected before delivery and cord vein blood samples were collected after birth. The levels of amino acids in maternal and cord sera were measured by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the year 2021. The difference in amino acid levels in maternal and cord sera between the two groups was compared, and the contribution of each amino acid to the difference between the two groups was analyzed. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to test the relationship between macrosomia and amino acids. Results: In maternal serum during the antepartum, the levels of asparagine, glutamine, methionine, alanine, and threonine in the macrosomia group were higher but arginine was lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05). In cord serum, the levels of lysine, histidine, phenylalanine, arginine, tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, glutamate, tyrosine, and total essential amino acid (EAA) in the macrosomia group were lower while glutamine was higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). The ratios of EAA, valine, threonine, methionine, tryptophan, and alanine in maternal serum to those in cord serum were higher, while the ratio of glutamine was lower in the macrosomia group (p < 0.05). Arginine and threonine in maternal serum and glutamate, glutamine, and histidine in cord serum were associated with macrosomia (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Most of the amino acid levels in the maternal sera of the macrosomia group are higher than those in the control group, while most of the amino acids’ levels in the cord sera of the macrosomia group are lower than those in the control group. The ratios of some amino acids in maternal serum to those in cord serum were different between the two groups. Arginine and threonine in maternal serum and glutamate, glutamine, and histidine in cord serum are closely related to macrosomia.

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Lysine or Threonine Deficiency Decreases Body Weight Gain in Growing Rats despite an Increase in Food Intake without Increasing Energy Expenditure in Response to FGF21

Cited by 7 publications

References 56 publications

Lysine Deprivation Suppresses Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells: A Transcriptome Analysis

Lysine Deprivation Suppresses Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells: A Transcriptome Analysis

Discovery of free glycated amines and glycated urea as potential markers of diabetic nephropathy

The Association between Macrosomia and Amino Acids’ Levels in Maternal and Cord Sera: A Case-Control Study

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