Lymphoproliferative and Cytokine Responses to Cryptosporidium parvum in Patients Coinfected with C. parvum and Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Modulation of the immune response by infection with Cryptosporidium spp. in children with allergic diseases

“…Closely related with this, studies that analyse the role of IFN‐γ and IL‐4 in the IR to Cryptosporidium consider them important mediators in the innate and acquired IRs related to the excretion of Cryptosporidium oocysts, resolution of the disease and generation of immunological memory . Our results are consistent with findings from Kaushik , who found a greater Th1 (IFNγ and TNFα) and Th2 (IL‐4 and IL‐10) cytokines responses to Cryptosporidium antigens in infected and presumably immunocompetent subjects, immunocompromised HIV‐seropositive subjects and patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy compared with apparently healthy subjects or HIV‐seropositive subjects without Cryptosporidium , reinforcing the involvement of CD4 + cells producing INFγ (Th1) and CD4 + cells producing IL‐4 (Th2) in the IR to Cryptosporidium . With regard to segmented neutrophils, the presence of these cells is associated with the innate immune response to infection with Cryptosporidium .…”

“…mobilize faeces contaminated with Cryptosporidium and promote the contamination of food and water reservoirs (59). Because of the difficulty to observe natural infection with Cryptosporidium, few studies have included immunocompetent individuals (60,61), and the majority of the studies describing the IR to Cryptosporidium have therefore been carried out in animal models (62-64), immunocompromised patients (38,60,61) or experimentally infected human volunteers without allergies (40,65). To our knowledge, we have provided the first description of IR in children with and children without allergies in the setting of natural Cryptosporidium infection.…”

Cryptosporidium infection after renal transplantation in an endemic area

“…SOT recipients are at increased risk for infectious diarrhea. Cryptosporidium has been increasingly recognized as one of the common causes of infectious diarrhea in the post‐transplant period, particularly in endemic areas like India . Cryptosporidium is an intracellular protozoan parasite that infects the epithelial cells of the digestive tract.…”

“…In the United States and Europe, cryptosporidiosis in SOT recipients is an uncommonly recognized illness; most reports are confined to single cases or small series . A few case series and epidemiological studies of stool carriage of Cryptosporidium in SOT recipients have been reported from endemic areas of the Middle East, India, and South America . Children, individuals who reside in or travel to endemic areas, and intestinal graft recipients are particularly at increased risk of cryptosporidial infection .…”

“…A few case series and epidemiological studies of stool carriage of Cryptosporidium in SOT recipients have been reported from endemic areas of the Middle East, India, and South America . Children, individuals who reside in or travel to endemic areas, and intestinal graft recipients are particularly at increased risk of cryptosporidial infection . In a recently published report of 10 SOT recipients with cryptosporidial gastroenteritis, elevated levels of tacrolimus (Tac) were observed .…”