Lymphoma Caused by Intestinal Microbiota

Abstract

The intestinal microbiota and gut immune system must constantly communicate to maintain a balance between tolerance and activation: on the one hand, our immune system should protect us from pathogenic microbes and on the other hand, most of the millions of microbes in and on our body are innocuous symbionts and some can even be beneficial. Since there is such a close interaction between the immune system and the intestinal microbiota, it is not surprising that some lymphomas such as mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma have been shown to be caused by the presence of certain bacteria. Animal models played an important role in establishing causation and mechanism of bacteria-induced MALT lymphoma. In this review we discuss different ways that animal models have been applied to establish a link between the gut microbiota and lymphoma and how animal models have helped to elucidate mechanisms of microbiota-induced lymphoma. While there are not a plethora of studies demonstrating a connection between microbiota and lymphoma development, we believe that animal models are a system which can be exploited in the future to enhance our understanding of causation and improve prognosis and treatment of lymphoma.

First-line antibiotic therapy in Helicobacter pylori-negative low-grade gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma

“…heilmannii infection achieved a CR after 14 days of omeprazole and amoxicillin therapy 72 . However, we cannot exclude that HPE regimens may eradicate intestinal microbiota that may be associated with the development of HP-negative gastric MALT lymphoma 74 . (2) In addition to eradicating HP and HP-like bacteria, clarithromycin has direct anti-neoplastic or immunomodulatory effects 46 , 55 , 75 .…”

Expressions of the CagA protein and CagA-signaling molecules predict Helicobacter pylori dependence of early-stage gastric DLBCL

“…These findings suggest that CagA-regulated signaling might be involved in HP-dependent lymphomagenesis of gastric DLBCL. Considering the complex interaction between micromes and the genome/epigenome, 74 further studies examining the mechanism of possible CagA-directed lymphomagenesis in gastric DLBCL are required.…”

Faecal microbiota in dogs with multicentric lymphoma

“…Microbes influence immune cells, and increased lymphocyte proliferation can lead to a higher chance of aberrant DNA replication. This particularly occurs with some B lymphocytes which are innately vulnerable to genetic instability and activation, and this may lead to neoplasia . Molecular methods, mostly targeting the 16S rRNA gene, are now the recognized standard for identification of microbiota.…”