Lymphocyte subsets in irradiation‐induced sialadenitis of the submandibular gland

Teymoortash, Afshin; Simolka, N; Schrader, Carsten; Tiemann, Markus; Werner, Jochen A.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02256.x

Cited by 29 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…Radiation-induced chronic sialadenitis had been reported in the salivary glands of post-RT head and neck cancer patients, which was characterized by inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis histopathologically (Seifert 1995;Radfar and Sirois 2003;Teymoortash et al 2005). The hypoechoic inflammatory infiltrate could lower the echogenicity of the parotid glands, leading to decreased echogenicity in post-RT glands (Radfar and Sirois 2003;Teymoortash et al 2005;Ying et al 2007), especially in the glands that received high-dose conventional RT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sonographic Appearance of Parotid Glands in Patients Treated With Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy or Conventional Radiotherapy for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Cheng

Ying

Kwong

et al. 2011

Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sonographic Appearance of Parotid Glands in Patients Treated With Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy or Conventional Radiotherapy for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Cheng

Ying

Kwong

et al. 2011

Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology

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“…15,17 Chronic sialoadenitis with inflammation and fibrose is also reported after radiotherapy. 14,[18][19][20] The heterogenic echotexture may also be due to these inflammatory areas, which were observed as hypoechoic areas in sonography. 6 The same sonographical view is reported in Sjö gren's syndrome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23 The decrease in echogenicity may also be due to the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the gland. 19,20 The regular margins in normal salivary glands became irregular after radiotherapy. This irregularity may be a result of acinar atrophy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes of parotid and submandibular glands caused by radiotherapy—an ultrasound evaluation

Imanimoghaddam¹,

Rahrooh²,

Tafakhori³

et al. 2012

Dentomaxillofacial Radiology

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Objective: Radiotherapy may alter the normal morphology of salivary glands located in the radiation field. These changes could be evaluated safely by sonography; however, there have been few studies in this regard. This study is aimed at evaluating the sonographic changes of the parotid and submandibular glands in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck malignancies. Methods: 20 patients (16 males and 4 females) with head and neck malignancies who had been referred for radiotherapy to the Qaem Hospital in Mashhad, Iran, entered the study. Length, height, depth, echotexture, echogenicity and margins of parotid and submandibular glands were evaluated in three stages (I, before radiotherapy; II, 2 weeks after radiotherapy; and III, 6-7 weeks after radiotherapy) using sonography. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistive index (RI) were also evaluated by Doppler sonography. Results: Significant differences in length, height and depth (p 5 0.000, p 5 0.000, and p 5 0.39, respectively) and also echotexture, echogenicity and gland margins (p 5 0.000) were observed before and after radiotherapy. Doppler sonography results showed no significant differences regarding PSV, EDV and RI between sonographic stages. Echotexture and echogenicity were the only independent parameters that showed significant differences in sonographic stages I and II (p 5 0.000). Length in stage I and II (p 5 0.000) and echogenicity in stage III (p 5 0.038) were the only parameters that showed significant differences between the two glands. Conclusion: Radiotherapy may change the echotexture, echogenicity and margins of the salivary glands from homogenic to heterogenic, hyperechoic to hypoechoic and regular to irregular, respectively, and may reduce their size.

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“…40 Radiation-induced fibrosis and chronic sialadenitis with inflammatory infiltrate are also found in the post-RT parotid glands. [43][44][45][46] The heterogeneous echo texture of post-RT parotid glands may be due to the presence of inflammatory infiltrate patches, which appears as multiple hypoechoic areas, as well as the presence of fibrosis, which appears as hyperechoic lines or spots.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound GLCM texture analysis of radiation‐induced parotid‐gland injury in head‐and‐neck cancer radiotherapy: An in vivo study of late toxicity

et al. 2012

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Purpose: Xerostomia (dry mouth), secondary to irradiation of the parotid glands, is one of the most common side effects of head-and-neck cancer radiotherapy. Diagnostic tools able to accurately and efficiently measure parotid gland injury have yet to be introduced into the clinic. This study's purpose is to investigate sonographic textural features as potential imaging signatures for quantitative assessment of parotid-gland injury after head-and-neck radiotherapy. Methods:The authors have investigated a series of sonographic features obtained from the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) -a second order statistical method of texture analysis. These GLCM textural features were selected based on empirical observations that the normal parotid gland exhibits homogeneous echotexture, whereas the postradiotherapy parotid gland often exhibits heterogeneous echotexture. We employed eight sonographic features: (1) angular second moment (ASM), (2) inverse differential moment (IDM), (3) contrast, (4) variance, (5) correlation, (6) entropy, (7) cluster shade, and (8) cluster prominence. Altogether, sonographic properties of the parotid glands were quantified by their degrees of homogeneity (ASM and IDM), heterogeneity (contrast and variance), smoothness (correlation), randomness (entropy), and symmetry (cluster shade and prominence). The sonographic features were tested in a pilot study of 12 postradiotherapy patients and 7 healthy volunteers. The mean follow-up time for the postradiotherapy patients was 17.2 months (range: 12.1-23.9 months) and the mean radiation dose to the parotid glands was 32.3 Gy (range: 11.0-63.4 Gy). Each participant underwent one ultrasound study in which longitudinal (vertical) ultrasound scans were performed on the bilateral parotids -a total of 24 postirradiation and 14 normal parotid glands were examined. The 14 normal parotid glands served as the control group. A radiologist contoured the parotid glands on the B-mode images and the sonographic features were computed from the contoured region-ofinterest. Results: The authors observed significant differences (p < 0.05) in all sonographic features between the normal and postradiotherapy parotid glands. The sonographic findings were consistent with the clinical observations of the ultrasound images: normal parotid glands exhibited homogeneous texture, while the postradiotherapy parotid glands exhibited heterogeneous echotexture (e.g., hyperechoic lines and spots), which likely represents fibrosis. Conclusions:The authors have demonstrated the feasibility of ultrasonic texture evaluation of parotid glands; and the sonographic features may serve as imaging signatures to assess radiation-induced parotid injury.

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Lymphocyte subsets in irradiation‐induced sialadenitis of the submandibular gland

Abstract: The significantly elevated frequencies of cytotoxic cells in the submandibular glands of patients with irradiation-induced sialadenitis suggest that cell-mediated immune mechanisms may play a part in the pathogenesis of this disease.

Cited by 29 publications

References 13 publications

Sonographic Appearance of Parotid Glands in Patients Treated With Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy or Conventional Radiotherapy for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Sonographic Appearance of Parotid Glands in Patients Treated With Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy or Conventional Radiotherapy for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Changes of parotid and submandibular glands caused by radiotherapy—an ultrasound evaluation

Ultrasound GLCM texture analysis of radiation‐induced parotid‐gland injury in head‐and‐neck cancer radiotherapy: An in vivo study of late toxicity

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