Lymphocyte numbers and subsets in the human blood

Blum, Katrin S.; Pabst, Reinhard

doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2006.10.009

Cited by 145 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Concentrations in the splenic lymph nodes were maintained for a longer time than in the other lymphoid tissues. These results were expected, considering that it has been reported that approximately 15% of the total lymphocytes in the body reside in the spleen, which is the largest reservoir in the body (15). The lymphoid tissue/blood drug concentration ratios determined are presented in Table 1.…”

supporting

confidence: 66%

Distribution of Hydroxychloroquine in Lymphoid Tissue in a Rabbit Model for HIV Infection

González-Hernández

Aguirre-Cruz

Sotelo

et al. 2014

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Hydroxychloroquine has been proposed for HIV treatment; however, little is known about its disposition in the lymphatic system, where replication takes place. Therefore, its distribution in lymphoid tissues (Peyer's patches and popliteal, submandibular, femoral, splenic, and prescapular lymph nodes) was evaluated and compared with that in blood. Results showed a high affinity of hydroxychloroquine for all of these tissues, with higher affinity for the splenic and submandibular lymph nodes, suggesting its potential use as a coadjuvant in HIV therapy. Hydroxychloroquine is a 4-aminoquinoline drug with more than 70 years of use as an antimalarial agent. Besides its antimalarial activity, it has well-documented efficacy and long-term safety in the therapy of autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (1-3). The immunomodulatory effects of this agent are related to the reduction of inflammatory cytokine and IgG production, as well as down modulation of natural killer cell activity (4, 5). With regard to its in vivo anti-HIV-1 activity, it has been reported that hydroxychloroquine increases CD4ϩ T cell levels in HIV-infected patients who do not respond to antiretroviral therapy (6).Although different studies have been performed to determine its blood/plasma distribution, as well as its pharmacokinetic parameters (7, 8), little is known about its disposition in lymphoid tissue; this distribution is important since lymph nodes are the major reservoir of HIV and the primary site of HIV replication (9). In a previous study, we found that in humans, hydroxychloroquine concentrations are higher in adenoid tissue than in plasma (10); therefore, the main objective of the present study was to determine the distribution of the drug in different lymphoid tissues by using the rabbit as an experimental model, taking into account that different studies have suggested that the rabbit immune system is more similar to the immune systems of primates and humans than is that of mice (11,12,13).Healthy male New Zealand rabbits (Harlan, Mexico City, Mexico) 2 to 3 months old with a mean body weight of 2.4 kg were used. Each rabbit received a subcutaneous hydroxychloroquine (Sanofi Aventis) injection of 15 mg/kg of body weight. Blood samples were taken at 0, 10,20, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 360, 480, and 840 min after drug administration (three animals per time point were used). Once the blood sample was taken, the animals were killed by cervical dislocation, cessation of circulation was confirmed, and tissue samples (Peyer's patches and popliteal, submandibular, femoral, prescapular, and splenic lymph nodes) were collected in preweighed vials on the same schedule as blood samples. The minced tissues were homogenized with 1 ml of 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 2.5. All samples were stored at Ϫ20 Ϯ 1°C until use.The study protocol complied with the Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals and was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.Hydroxychloroquine was...

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confidence: 66%

Distribution of Hydroxychloroquine in Lymphoid Tissue in a Rabbit Model for HIV Infection

González-Hernández

Aguirre-Cruz

Sotelo

et al. 2014

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…During exercise, these arterial pathways are opened and/or dilate in response to catecholamine signals resulting in increased blood flow to otherwise closed capillary beds. Blum and Pabst (3) have reported that, at rest, lymphocytes in the peripheral circulation represent only about 2% of the total lymphocytes in the human body and the majority (approximately 85%) of the lymphocytes reside in the lymph nodes, spleen, gut, thymus and bone marrow. During exercise, blood flow is shunted away from these immune organs to exercising muscle and into the peripheral circulation, thus it is possible that while more lymphocyte rich blood is introduced into the circulation with exercise, blood rich in T Helper cells may remain in immune tissues, thereby mitigating possible deleterious activation of the immune system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating T-Regulatory Cells, Exercise and the Elite Adolescent Swimmer

Wilson

Zaldivar²,

Schwindt³

et al. 2009

Pediatric Exercise Science

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Brief high intensity exercise induces peripheral leukocytosis possibly leading to a higher incidence of allergic symptoms in athletes undergoing excessive training. We studied the exercise-induced alternation of circulating Tregs and FoxP3+ Tregs due to acute intense swim exercise in elite swimmers (n = 22, 12 males, age = 15.4 yrs). Twelve had prior or current rhinitis or asthma and 10 had no current or prior allergy or asthma. Circulating Tregs increased significantly (p < .001) following exercise (pre = 133 ± 11.2, post = 196 ± 17.6) as did FoxP3+ cells (pre = 44, post = 64 cells/µl). Increases in Tregs and FoxP3+ Tregs occurred to the same extent in both groups of adolescent swimmers.

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“…Natural Killer (NK) cells comprise approximately 10% of lymphocytes in normal humans 1,2 and their main function is to destroy virally infected, damaged, or transformed cells. NK cells also influence function of the adaptive immune system through the secretion of cytokines and chemokines that affect T cell function and dendritic cell (DC) maturation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NK Cell-based Immunotherapies in Pediatric Oncology

McDowell

Hank

DeSantes

et al. 2015

Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology

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The past decade has seen several anti-cancer immunotherapeutic strategies transition from “promising preclinical models” to treatments with proven clinical activity or benefit. In 2013, the journal Science selected the field of Cancer Immunotherapy as the overall number-1 breakthrough for the year in all of scientific research. In the setting of cancer immunotherapy for adult malignancies, many of these immunotherapy strategies have relied on the cancer patient’s endogenous anti-tumor T cell response. While much promising research in pediatric oncology is similarly focused on T cell reactivity, several pediatric malignancies themselves, or the chemo-radiotherapy used to achieve initial responses, can be associated with profound immune suppression, particularly of the T cell system. A separate component of the immune system, also able to mediate anti-tumor effects and less suppressed by conventional cancer treatment, is the NK cell system. In recent years, several distinct immunotherapeutic approaches that rely on the activity of NK cells have moved from preclinical development into clinical testing, and some have shown clear antitumor benefit. This review provides an overview of NK cell-based immunotherapy efforts that are directed towards childhood malignancies, with an emphasis on protocols that are already in clinical testing.

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Lymphocyte numbers and subsets in the human blood

Cited by 145 publications

References 74 publications

Distribution of Hydroxychloroquine in Lymphoid Tissue in a Rabbit Model for HIV Infection

Distribution of Hydroxychloroquine in Lymphoid Tissue in a Rabbit Model for HIV Infection

Circulating T-Regulatory Cells, Exercise and the Elite Adolescent Swimmer

NK Cell-based Immunotherapies in Pediatric Oncology

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