Lymphocyte migration through the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in feline immunodeficiency virus infection is significantly influenced by the pre‐existence of virus and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α within the central nervous system (CNS): studies using an <i>in vitro</i> feline BBB model

Fletcher, Nicola F.; Bexiga, Mariana G.; Brayden, David J.; Brankin, Brenda; Willett, Brian J.; Hosie, M.J.; Jacqué, Jean Marc; Callanan, John J.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2009.01031.x

Cited by 16 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(106 reference statements)

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“…The potential role of the choroid plexus is reinforced by the demonstration of early T cell trafficking into the choroid plexus of FIV-infected cats (Ryan et al 2005). Efficient trafficking of lymphocytes across an in vitro feline blood–brain barrier has also been demonstrated (Fletcher et al 2009; Hudson et al 2005) but the contribution to CSF T cells is not known. T cells harvested from the brains of HIV-infected individuals tend to express the chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmigration of macrophages across the choroid plexus epithelium in response to the feline immunodeficiency virus

et al. 2012

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Although lentiviruses such as human, feline and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV, FIV, SIV) rapidly gain access to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the mechanisms that control this entry are not well understood. One possibility is that the virus may be carried into the brain by immune cells that traffic across the blood–CSF barrier in the choroid plexus. Since few studies have directly examined macrophage trafficking across the blood–CSF barrier, we established transwell and explant cultures of feline choroid plexus epithelium and measured trafficking in the presence or absence of FIV. Macrophages in co-culture with the epithelium showed significant proliferation and robust trafficking that was dependent on the presence of epithelium. Macrophage migration to the apical surface of the epithelium was particularly robust in the choroid plexus explants where 3-fold increases were seen over the first 24 h. Addition of FIV to the cultures greatly increased the number of surface macrophages without influencing replication. The epithelium in the transwell cultures was also permissive to PBMC trafficking, which increased from 17 to 26% of total cells after exposure to FIV. Thus, the choroid plexus epithelium supports trafficking of both macrophages and PBMCs. FIV significantly enhanced translocation of macrophages and T cells indicating that the choroid plexus epithelium is likely to be an active site of immune cell trafficking in response to infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmigration of macrophages across the choroid plexus epithelium in response to the feline immunodeficiency virus

et al. 2012

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“…There is constant movement of immune cells in and out of the normal brain as part of natural immuno-surveillance. While little is known about how these migrations contribute to continual infection, it is clear from in vitro studies using HIV or FIV GL-8 , that immune cells cross the BBB in similar numbers irrespective of whether they are infected or not (Fiala et al, 1997; Fletcher et al, 2009)…”

Section: Early Entry Of Fiv Into the Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These mechanisms are not considered major routes of HIV or FIV entry into the brain early in infection (Kramer-Hammerle et al, 2005; Fletcher et al, 2009). Trans-cellular migration of HIV-1 across brain endothelial cells has been reported in vitro (Bobardt et al, 2004).…”

Section: The Blood-brain Barrier and Its Role In Viral Entry To The Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this trans-cellular process which has been demonstrated in vitro, most of the virus is not released on the brain side of the endothelial cells, but is degraded or released back on the blood side of the endothelial cells (Banks et al, 2001, 2006), supporting the theory that direct viral migration across the BBB, while possible, is unlikely to be the primary mechanism of infection. Furthermore, in recent studies investigating the passage of FIV GL8 across an BBB model only 0.04% of virus had crossed the barrier after 24 h, and viral transmigration across the barrier not significantly increased in response to tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a cytokine known to be up-regulated in the CNS in FIV and HIV infection (Fiala et al, 1997; Fletcher et al, 2009). …”

Section: The Blood-brain Barrier and Its Role In Viral Entry To The Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ability of feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells and MYA-1 CD4+ T lymphocytes to cross in vitro models of the feline BBB have recently been investigated (Hudson et al, 2005, 2008; Fletcher et al, 2009). This work demonstrated that the presence of astrocytes increased monocyte, T cell and B cell migration across an in vitro BBB whereas microglial cells impeded migration.…”

Section: The Blood-brain Barrier and Its Role In Viral Entry To The Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The neuropathogenesis of feline immunodeficiency virus infection: Barriers to overcome

Fletcher

Meeker

Hudson

et al. 2011

The Veterinary Journal

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Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, is a neurotropic lentivirus, and both natural and experimental infections are associated with neuropathology. FIV enters the brain early following experimental infection, most likely via the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. The exact mechanism of entry, and the factors that influence this entry, are not fully understood. As FIV is a recognised model of HIV-1 infection, understanding such mechanisms is important, particularly as HIV enters the brain early in infection. Furthermore, the development of strategies to combat this central nervous system (CNS) infection requires an understanding of the interactions between the virus and the CNS. In this review the results of both in vitro and in vivo FIV studies are assessed in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms of viral entry into the brain.

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Neural Functions of Hematopoietic‐derived Cells

Derecki

Kipnis

2013

The Wiley‐Blackwell Handbook of Psychoneuroimmunology

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Lymphocyte migration through the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in feline immunodeficiency virus infection is significantly influenced by the pre‐existence of virus and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α within the central nervous system (CNS): studies using an in vitro feline BBB model

Cited by 16 publications

References 60 publications

Transmigration of macrophages across the choroid plexus epithelium in response to the feline immunodeficiency virus

Transmigration of macrophages across the choroid plexus epithelium in response to the feline immunodeficiency virus

The neuropathogenesis of feline immunodeficiency virus infection: Barriers to overcome

Neural Functions of Hematopoietic‐derived Cells

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