Lymphocyte Counts Independently Predict Overall Survival in Advanced Cancer Patients: A Biomarker for IL-2 Immunotherapy

Fumagalli, Luca; Vinke, Jan; Hoff, W G van 't; Ypma, Ellen; Brivio, F; Nespoli, Angelo

doi:10.1097/00002371-200309000-00002

Cited by 73 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Contrary to granulocytes, lymphocytes are involved in the elimination of cancer cells. There are reports suggesting that a decreased lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood is a predictor of poor prognosis in cancer patients [33,34]. The bottom line is that the G/L ratio reflects the status of a patient's anti-tumour immune function [27,28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Patients with Colorectal Cancer, Preoperative Serum Interleukin-6 Level and Granulocyte/Lymphocyte Ratio Are Clinically Relevant Biomarkers of Long-Term Cancer Progression

Shimazaki¹,

Goto²,

Nishida³

et al. 2013

Oncology

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Objective: To investigate the clinical significance of the serum inflammatory cytokines and the blood granulocytes/lymphocytes (G/L) ratio in patients with colorectal cancer. Methods: Forty-six patients underwent surgery for colorectal cancer. The G/L ratio and serum inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) were measured before surgery and correlated with the Tumour Node Metastasis classification and overall survival. Results: Serum IL-6 in T3-4, N1-2, M1 cases and cancer stages III-IV sub-groups was significantly higher than in Tis-2, N0, M0 and cancer stages 0-II sub-groups. The G/L ratio, serum M-CSF and TNF-α in T3-4 cases were significantly higher than in Tis-2 cases. Furthermore, the G/L ratio and serum IL-6 showed a significant inverse correlation with the overall survival, while the G/L ratio showed a significant positive correlation with serum IL-6, TNF-α and M-CSF. Multivariate analysis showed that the serum IL-6 level and G/L ratio were independent risk factors for poor prognosis. Conclusions: In this investigation, a pre-operative high level of serum IL-6 and the G/L ratio appeared to be significant predictive factors for cancer progression and poor prognosis. Accordingly, these variables might be clinically relevant biomarkers in patients with colorectal cancer.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Patients with Colorectal Cancer, Preoperative Serum Interleukin-6 Level and Granulocyte/Lymphocyte Ratio Are Clinically Relevant Biomarkers of Long-Term Cancer Progression

Shimazaki¹,

Goto²,

Nishida³

et al. 2013

Oncology

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“…Some studies indicated that a decreased lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood is a predictor of a poor prognosis in cancer patients [27][28][29]. Bruckner et al suggested that a pretreatment absolute neutrophil count \6,000/mm3 and lymphocyte count [1,500/mm3 were independent prognostic indicators of a good prognosis for patients with metastatic gastric cancer [30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of peripheral blood values on prognosis of patients with locally advanced gastric cancer before treatment

et al. 2009

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We aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet, mean platelet value (MPV), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC). One hundred sixty-eight patients with LAGC who had been followed-up between 2004 and 2008 were included in present study. The results of hematological (platelet, lymphocyte, neutrophil and MPV) and biochemical (uric acid and LDH) parameters were evaluated before treatment. NLR was divided into two groups as <2.56 and ≥2.57 and PLR was also divided into two groups as ≤160 and >160. Platelet counts and lymphocyte counts were also divided into two groups; ≤300.000/mm3 and >300.000/mm3, and <1,500/mm3 and ≥1,500/mm3, respectively. Results were evaluated with Kaplan-Meier and Long-rank tests. The mean age of patients at diagnosis was 60.1±12.1 and 114 of patients (67.8%) were male. For 168 patients, 48 months overall survival (OS) rate was 45.2% and the median OS was 39 months (range 33-44). In patients whose PLR was less than 160 (n=54), the median OS was 45 months (range 38-52) and also for cases whose PRL was greater than 160 (n=114), the median OS was 27 months (range 22-32) (p=0.006). While for fifty patients whose lymphocyte counts were less than 1,500, the median OS was 27 months (range 21-33), in cases with high lymphocyte counts (≥1,500) (n=118), it was 41 months (range 35-48) (p=0.03). The median OS was 41 (range 34-48) and 30 (range 23-37) months in two platelets groups, respectively (p=0.24). However, in the patients whose NLR was less than 2.56 (n=107), median OS was better than with cases whose NLR was greater than or equal to 2.56 (42 vs. 27 months). Routine peripheral blood counts may be useful prognostic factor for evaluating the accuracy of risk stratification in patients with radically resected gastric cancer Our results need to be confirmed by study including larger sample size in future.

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“…Riesco [107] has reported that the pretreatment total lymphocyte count predicts overall survival of cancer patients, independent of other major prognostic factors. Fumgalli et al [108] have shown that lymphocyte counts independently predicts overall survival in advanced cancer patients, and should be a biomarker for interleukin-2 (IL-2) immunotherapy.…”

Section: Tumor Immunosuppression and Escape Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer: Tumor Iron Metabolism, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Tumor Immunosuppression; “A Tight Partnership—Was Warburg Correct?”

Elliott¹,

Head²

2012

JCT

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Over the last 30 years there have been numerous worldwide investigators involved in cancer research. Billions of dollars have been spent on drug development and cancer research; however, with all of the new agents and modalities of treatment, we have honestly not significantly improved the overall survival of the Stage IV cancer patient. There is and will not be a magic bullet treatment, thus the extensive title of this paper. We are convinced that unless we use multiple innovative therapies in combination with conventional treatment, we will never truly defeat this disease. We have attempted to address this problem by presenting in detail some of these complex mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis, progression, escape, and metastasis. Most investigators have their own special area of interest, but if we are to conquer this scourge, we must develop an extensive, multifaceted, comprehensive approach. Hopefully this article will contribute to awareness and further insight into this very serious and complicated problem, so we can improve quality of life and improve the survival of the Stage IV cancer patient.

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Lymphocyte Counts Independently Predict Overall Survival in Advanced Cancer Patients: A Biomarker for IL-2 Immunotherapy

Cited by 73 publications

References 31 publications

In Patients with Colorectal Cancer, Preoperative Serum Interleukin-6 Level and Granulocyte/Lymphocyte Ratio Are Clinically Relevant Biomarkers of Long-Term Cancer Progression

In Patients with Colorectal Cancer, Preoperative Serum Interleukin-6 Level and Granulocyte/Lymphocyte Ratio Are Clinically Relevant Biomarkers of Long-Term Cancer Progression

The effect of peripheral blood values on prognosis of patients with locally advanced gastric cancer before treatment

Cancer: Tumor Iron Metabolism, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Tumor Immunosuppression; “A Tight Partnership—Was Warburg Correct?”

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