Lymphocystis disease virus: its importance in aquaculture

Borrego, Juan J.; Valverde, Estefanía J.; Labella, Alejandro M.; Castro, Dolores

doi:10.1111/raq.12131

Cited by 55 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 156 publications

(315 reference statements)

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“…Our study is focused on LCDV as there are no cost-effective treatments against viral infections (e.g., Assefa and Abunna 2018). Lymphocystis is an iridovirus (DNA virus) broadly documented to occur in many freshwater and marine fish around the world in both wild and farmed fish (e.g., Sahoo and Goodwin 2012;Yanong 2013;Borrego et al 2017). Typical signs of lymphocystis-infected fish are mostly external nodular, wart-like growths on the fins, skin, or gills that can advance from chronic to systemic infections (Yanong 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of a new strain of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) in captive-bred clownfish Amphiprion percula in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Lam

Khairunissa²,

Damayanti³

et al. 2020

Aquacult Int

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Breeding of ornamental marine fishes was initiated in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, to protect reef ecosystems from destructive fishing and to supplement income of local communities. However, stress associated with captive breeding conditions could enhance vulnerability of fish to disease. Wild-and captive-bred clownfish Amphiprion percula showed clinical signs such as white spots and warts typically associated with lymphocystis disease. Sequencing a portion of the DNA polymerase gene confirmed the identity of a lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) in clownfish tissues that closely resembled LCDV from paradisefish; however, both strains were only 90% similar at the nucleotide level. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the LCDV is a new strain representing the first sequence of LCDV in A. percula. To determine the virus presence in clownfish and other ornamental marine species (OMS) in the hatchery, we developed conventional PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays that were comparatively sensitive at detecting the new LCDV strain. Among the PCR-tested clownfish, 19.4% (n = 14/72) were positive for the LCDV DNA that were either symptomatic or apparently healthy. Other OMS (n = 29) bred in the hatchery including seahorse Hippocampus spp., mandarin fish Synchiropus spp., and pajama cardinal fish Sphaeremia nepatoptera were negative by the LCDV PCR. The PCR and LAMP assays developed in this study will facilitate disease management by early detection of the LCDV and removal of potential reservoirs of the virus.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of a new strain of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) in captive-bred clownfish Amphiprion percula in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Lam

Khairunissa²,

Damayanti³

et al. 2020

Aquacult Int

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“…Members of the genus Lymphocystivirus , family Iridoviridae, are the causative agents of the lymphocystis disease (LCD), a pathology that affects more than 150 fish species from both marine and freshwater environments (Borrego et al ). To date, three species have been recognized in the genus, Lymphocystis disease virus 1 (LCDV1) isolated from European flounder ( Platichthys flesus ), Lymphocystis disease virus 2 (LCDV‐C) isolated from Japanese flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ) and Lymphocystis disease virus 3 (LCDV‐Sa) isolated from gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata ) (Chinchar et al ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune gene expression in gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata ) after Lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV‐Sa) challenge resulting in asymptomatic infection

et al. 2019

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Aims:To determine the immune gene expression response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) that is experimentally infected with the lymphocystivirus LCDV-Sa. Methods and Results: Viral DNA and transcripts were detected by qPCR in all samples from fish injected with LCDV-Sa, demonstrating that the virus establish a systemic and asymptomatic infection. The expression of 23 immune-related genes was also analysed by RT-qPCR in the head kidney (HK) and intestine at several times post-infection (dpi). In HK, the expression of five type I interferon (IFN)-related genes (ifn, irf3, mx2, mx3 and isg15), il10 and ck10 was upregulated at 1-3 dpi, while genes related to the inflammation process (tnfa, il1ß, il6, casp1) were not differentially expressed or even downregulated. The expression profile in the intestine was different regarding type I INF-related genes. An upregulated c3 and ighm expression was observed in both HK and intestine at 3-8 dpi. Finally, the transcription of nccrp1 and mhcIIa was induced in HK, whereas tcrb expression was downregulated in both organs. Conclusions: LCDV-Sa seems to trigger an immune response in gilthead seabream characterized by a partial activation of type I IFN system and a lack of systemic inflammatory response which may be related to viral persistence. Significance and Impact of the Study: The immune response observed in gilthead seabream infected by LCDV-Sa could be implicated in the establishment of an asymptomatic persistent infection.

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“…The lymphocystis disease (LCD) is a highly contagious viral infection responsible for high economic losses in the aquaculture industry worldwide [1]. The causative agent is the lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) that belongs to the genus Lymphocystivirus, family Iridoviridae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then, the virus actively multiplies in host cells giving rise to the typical lesions (named lymphocysts) consisting of irregularly shaped, randomly distributed white masses in the integumentary surfaces that in severe infections aggregate in nodular structures [2]. Experimental challenges have demonstrated that at least three weeks after LCDV injection are required for the observation of clinical signs [1,3,4]. Once the lesions appear, the disease spans for approximately 20 days, the time required for the hypertrophic dermal cells to mature and break resulting in high morbidity but low mortality rates unless secondary infections occur [2,3,5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heritability Estimates and Genetic Correlation for Growth Traits and LCDV Susceptibility in Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata)

Carballo

Shin

Berbel

et al. 2019

Fishes

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The lymphocystis disease (LCD) is a viral infection with a high economic impact in gilthead sea bream aquaculture. In this study, genetic estimates associated with lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) disease susceptibility and growth were determined in sea bream juveniles. Two fish batches (named batch 1 and batch 2) were built from mass spawning and reared under industrial conditions until disease outbreak. At the moment of the sampling (n = 500 specimens for each batch), all animals had the typical LCDV lesions in the skin. For phenotyping, animals were weighted and photographed for image analysis (surface covered and lesion intensity). LCDV DNA copies were quantified in the liver by qPCR. Batch 1 had a higher surface covered and lesion intensity than batch 2, and the body caudal region was the lowest affected region in both batches. The average LCDV DNA copies in liver were higher in the batch 1 than batch 2, and they were positively correlated with severity index (SI) categories (r2 = 0.90–0.94). The total number of families evaluated were 150 and 128 for batch 1 and batch 2, respectively, with a high bias in offspring contribution by family and broodstock. Heritabilities for weight and length were 0.18 and 0.14 in batch 1 and 0.06 and 0.05 in batch 2, respectively. Heritability for the number of viral DNA copies was low (<0.08) in both batches. Heritabilities for SI in binary scale were 0.32/0.33 and 0.21/0.24 (underlying liability/Bayesian approach) for batch 1 and batch 2, respectively. Genetic correlations were very high and positive when growth traits (weight and length) or disease traits (LCDV DNA copies and SI) were compared. In contrast, the genetic correlations between growth and disease traits were moderate–high and positive in the batch 1 but negative in batch 2. These results indicate the genetic selection for LCDV susceptibility and growth is feasible in sea bream juveniles, although estimates are highly dependent on the age. The information provided is relevant to designing selective breeding programs in sea bream.

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Lymphocystis disease virus: its importance in aquaculture

Cited by 55 publications

References 156 publications

Detection of a new strain of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) in captive-bred clownfish Amphiprion percula in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Detection of a new strain of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) in captive-bred clownfish Amphiprion percula in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Immune gene expression in gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata ) after Lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV‐Sa) challenge resulting in asymptomatic infection

Heritability Estimates and Genetic Correlation for Growth Traits and LCDV Susceptibility in Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata)

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