Lymphatic malformations: Current cellular and clinical investigations

Abstract

The etiology and pathogenesis of head and neck lymphatic malformations are poorly understood, but understanding is improving through ongoing investigation. Reduction of lymphatic malformation size is generally possible, but further work is necessary to optimize methods for measuring therapeutic outcomes in problematic areas.

Microcystic Lymphatic Malformation: A Case Report

“…The main aim of lymphatic malformation treatment is to restore and preserve the function and aesthetic integrity [13]. Treatment of lymphatic malformations is difficult; Because they impregnate to the surrounding tissues, specially the microcystic type of tongue lymphatic malformations considered as a challenging one, it can range from surgical excision, sclerotherapy, cryotherapy, electrocautery, corticosteroid injection, and embolization [14,15].…”

Cystic Hygroma of Wrist

“…Jugular lymphatic obstruction sequence, abnormal embryonic sequestration of lymphatic tissue, or abnormal budding of the lymphatics results in cystic hygroma formation 6,8,9 . Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF -C) is postulated to play role in lymphatic malformations 10 . About 78% of patients with cystic hygroma are chromosomally abnormal; 58% have a karyotype associated with Turner syndrome phenotype; in the remaining 20% autosomal trisomies and various structural abnormalities are present 11 .…”

Choice of Treatment Options for Cystic Lymphstic Malformations in the Head and Neck Region: Treatment Experience of 81 Children

“…These lesions are present at birth and have a progressive clinical course. The incidence of LMs is evidenced in about 1 to 6000 to 1 to 16,000 live births, with a frequency of hospitalization -3 cases per 100,000 [4,5]. LMs near the principal lymphatic chains in the neck region are formed when a primordial lymph sac loses or fails to re-establish communication with the central veins (jugular and subclavian) from which it arises [1].…”