Lymphatic filariasis among children and adolescents: spatial identification via socio-environmental indicators to define priority areas for elimination

Brandão, Eduardo; Bonfim, Cristine Vieira do; Alves, Ayla; Oliveira, Conceição Maria de; Montenegro, Carlos Eduardo; Costa, Tadeu Rodrigues da; Maciel, Anderson; Medeiros, Zulma

doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihv053

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The surveys were conducted among adults and or children aged 5–15 years across the studies spanning over countries. In addition to these surveys, a few studies used Mf surveys (current and historic data), key informant techniques69-78 for assessing LF endemicity. In four studies, Mf, Ag and or disease surveys were used to map areas requiring MDA 79–82…”

Section: Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors reproduced the map with historical data of LF, overlapped with the maps of loiasis and onchocerciasis and provided key information about the ecology and transmission of W. bancrofti vectors in DRC. These maps were a useful resource for national LF programme in countries with co-endemicity as they provide information on areas with risk of serious adverse events and requires extra precautions or alternative intervention strategies 19 AmericasBrazilBrandao et al, 20117824 districts- 484 census tracts13 of 24 districts were hyperendemic and require MDA8670 childrenMf prevalence<=18Mapping of filarial infection (Mf) and morbidity among children/adolescents was carried out prior to implementation of MDA. Results showed that transmission was intense among the pediatric population in 54% of the surveyed districts .Spatial analysis showed that the localities in which the populations most exposed to filarial transmission were concentrated. 20 AmericasBrazilBrandão et al, 201579Municipality of Jaboata ˜o dos Guararapes, State of PernambucoNot applicable8670 childrenMf prevalence<=18The results on the survey on children and adolescents in combination with SRI (Bonfim et al, 2009) showed that the localities where the children most exposed to ﬁlarial transmission are concentrated.…”

Section: Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three studies from India used Mf prevalence to identify districts for MDA 71–73. Mapping data along with social deprivation index (SDI) and socio-environmental composite risk index (SRI) were used in Haiti to specifically map LF risk in urban areas74,75,78 and to see clustering of infection. Two studies tested a confirmatory mapping tool against the WHO recommended mapping strategy mainly to assess whether those areas in Ethiopia and Tanzania94,95 with uncertain endemicity (one Ag positive among 200 adults; 45 in Ethiopia and 11 in Tanzania) needed to be included for MDA.…”

Section: Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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<p>Mapping and monitoring for a lymphatic filariasis elimination program: a systematic review</p>

Srividya¹,

Subramanian²,

Jambulingam³

et al. 2019

RRTM

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Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is targeted for elimination by the year 2020. The Global Programme for Elimination of LF (GPELF) aims to achieve elimination by interrupting transmission through annual mass drug administration (MDA) of albendazole with ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine. The program has successfully eliminated the disease in 11 of the 72 endemic countries, putting in enormous efforts on systematic planning and implementation of the strategy. Mapping areas endemic for LF is a pre-requisite for implementing MDA, monitoring and evaluation are the components of programme implementation. This review was undertaken to assess how the mapping and impact monitoring activities have evolved to become more robust over the years and steered the LF elimination programme towards its goal. The findings showed that the WHO recommended mapping strategy aided 17 countries to delimit, plan and implement MDA in only those areas endemic for LF thereby saving resources. Availability of serological tools for detecting infection in humans (antigen/antibody assays) and molecular xenomonitoring (MX) in vectors greatly facilitated programme monitoring and evaluation in endemic countries. Results of this review are discussed on how these existing mapping and monitoring procedures can be used for re-mapping of unsurveyed and uncertain areas to ensure there is no resurgence during post-MDA surveillance. Further the appropriateness of the tests (Microfilaria (Mf)/antigenemia (Ag)/antibody(Ab) surveys in humans or MX of vectors for infection) used currently for post-MDA surveillance and their role in the development of a monitoring and evaluation strategy for the recently WHO recommended triple drug regimen in MDA for accelerated LF elimination are discussed.

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Section: Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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<p>Mapping and monitoring for a lymphatic filariasis elimination program: a systematic review</p>

Srividya¹,

Subramanian²,

Jambulingam³

et al. 2019

RRTM

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“…The data from these studies reinforce the hypothesis that internal migration may be an important factor in the spread of LF [34]; the results of the present study highlight the fact that there were no barriers around the municipalities and that vectors were present. Moreover, precarious socioenvironmental situations [39] favor the transmission of this endemic into disease-free areas. Even if transmission is successfully interrupted through the GPELF, the continued presence of vector breeding sites increases the risk of transborder migration as a source of transmission [34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of transmission in areas of uncertain endemicity for lymphatic filariasis in Brazil

et al. 2019

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BackgroundThe objective of the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) is to phase out this endemic disease as a public health problem by 2020. Validation of elimination is obtained from the World Health Organization through evidence of non-transmission in countries that have already been subjected to mass drug administration (MDA) and in places adjoining these endemic areas. While three municipalities in Brazil have completed MDA, the epidemiological situation remains uncertain in nine adjoining municipalities. To determine the epidemiological status, this study was to perform a review of the literature and a school-based survey to describe the past and recent endemicity of lymphatic filariasis (LF) theses nine municipalities in Brazil.Methodology/Principle findingsFor review of the literature, both formal and informal literature sources were accessed since the first reports of filariasis in the Metropolitan Region of Recife, Brazil. We conducted a school-based survey in 2016 using immunochromatographic card tests (ICTs) among schoolchildren aged 6–10 years living in nine municipalities contiguous with the endemic areas in which MDA was conducted. Our review of the literature identified eight studies involving surveys demonstrating that microfilariae had been circulating in eight of the municipalities since 1967, with a low prevalence of microfilaremia, isolated autochthonous cases, and treatment of individual cases. The school-based survey included 17,222 children in 185 urban schools in the nine areas of Brazil with uncertain endemicity. One child affected by allochthonous transmission was antigen positive based on ICT and lived in a municipality adjacent to Recife; this child’s family came from Recife, but no other case was diagnosed within the family.Conclusions/SignificanceThe study results suggest that there is no transmission of LF in the municipalities investigated. However, these areas have population migration and socioenvironmental conditions favorable to mosquito breeding grounds; therefore, surveillance is strongly recommended in these areas.

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“…In Brazil, Cx . quinquefasciatus is a vector of lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis [ 7 , 8 , 9 ], and of the Oropouche virus (OROV), which causes Oropouche fever. This arbovirus is present mainly in the Amazon region [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Larvicidal Effect of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Essential Oil Nanoemulsion on Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

et al. 2022

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Mosquitoes can be vectors of pathogens and transmit diseases to both animals and humans. Species of the genus Culex are part of the cycle of neglected diseases, especially Culex quinquefasciatus, which is an anthropophilic vector of lymphatic filariasis. Natural products can be an alternative to synthetic insecticides for vector control; however, the main issue is the poor water availability of some compounds from plant origin. In this context, nanoemulsions are kinetic stable delivery systems of great interest for lipophilic substances. The objective of this study was to investigate the larvicidal activity of the Hyptis suaveolens essential oil nanoemulsion on Cx. quinquefasciatus. The essential oil showed a predominance of monoterpenes with retention time (RT) lower than 15 min. The average size diameter of the emulsions (sorbitan monooleate/polysorbate 20) was ≤ 200 nm. The nanoemulsion showed high larvicidal activity in concentrations of 250 and 125 ppm. CL50 values were 102.41 (77.5253–149.14) ppm and 70.8105 (44.5282–109.811) ppm after 24 and 48 h, respectively. The mortality rate in the surfactant control was lower than 9%. Scanning micrograph images showed changes in the larvae’s integument. This study achieved an active nanoemulsion on Cx. quinquefasciatus through a low-energy-input technique and without using potentially toxic organic solvents. Therefore, it expands the scope of possible applications of H. suaveolens essential oil in the production of high-added-value nanosystems for tropical disease vector control.

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Lymphatic filariasis among children and adolescents: spatial identification via socio-environmental indicators to define priority areas for elimination

Abstract: The indicator used is a promising tool that enables the precise measurement of the relationship between social deprivation and the prevalence of filarial infection among children. Thus, it can be used to plan control and elimination actions.

Cited by 6 publications

References 29 publications

<p>Mapping and monitoring for a lymphatic filariasis elimination program: a systematic review</p>

<p>Mapping and monitoring for a lymphatic filariasis elimination program: a systematic review</p>

Assessment of transmission in areas of uncertain endemicity for lymphatic filariasis in Brazil

Larvicidal Effect of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Essential Oil Nanoemulsion on Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

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