Lyme disease: a growing threat to urban populations.

Steere, Allen C.

doi:10.1073/pnas.91.7.2378

Cited by 86 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…Changes in housing development and land use practices such as suburban sprawl encroachment into wildlife habitat as well as the reforestation of cropland and shrinking of areas available for hunting have led to the explosive growth of deer and rodent populations in many parts of the United States. This deer population increase has been associated with the spread of Lyme disease and other tick-borne infections for which deer serve as reservoir hosts (56). Similarly, fluctuations of tick and mosquito abundance may affect the human risk of vector-borne diseases (22).…”

Section: Wildlife and Vector Population Fluctuationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Links Among Human Health, Animal Health, and Ecosystem Health

Rabinowitz

Conti²

2013

Annu. Rev. Public Health

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In the face of growing world human and animal populations and rapid environmental change, the linkages between human, animal, and environmental health are becoming more evident. Because animals and humans have shared risk to health from changing environments, it seems logical to expand the perspective of public health beyond a single species to detect and manage emerging public health threats. Mitigating the effects of climate change, emerging pathogens, toxicant releases, and changes in the built environment requires a retooling of global public health resources and capabilities across multiple species. Furthermore, human and animal health professionals must overcome specific barriers to interprofessional collaboration to implement needed health strategies. This review outlines the relationships between human, animal, and ecosystem health and the public health challenges and opportunities that these links present.

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Section: Wildlife and Vector Population Fluctuationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Links Among Human Health, Animal Health, and Ecosystem Health

Rabinowitz

Conti²

2013

Annu. Rev. Public Health

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“…B. burgdorferi sensu lato is pathogenic spirochaete bacterium, at least 15 genospecies belonging to B. burgdorferi sensu lato complex (Postic et al 2007) are known, but only five genospecies -B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii, B. afzelii, B. bissettii and B. spielmanii are considered to be the etiological agent for human Lyme borreliosis (Richter et al 2004). Lyme borreliosis is the most common tick-borne disease in Eurasia (O'Connell et al 1998) and North America (Steere 1994). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and characterization of 31 isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetales, Spirochaetaceae) obtained from various hosts and vectors using PCR-RFLP and SDS-PAGE analysis

Žákovská

Janouškovcová

Pejchalová

et al. 2008

Acta Parasitologica

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Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the etiologic agent of Lyme borreliosis, circulates between ticks and vertebrate hosts. Two main genospecies typically occur in the Czech Republic Borrelia garinii and Borrelia afzelii, transmitted generally by Ixodes ricinus (L., 1758) ticks. The aim of our study was to identify spirochaete isolates focusing on Borrelia burgdorferi acquired from different sources: vectors (ticks), potential vectors (mosquitoes, small mites) and hosts (wild rodents). In the years 1996-2001 a total of 2398 ticks, 72 mites (from wild rodents), 2700 mosquito adults, 1798 mosquito larvae and organ parts (kidney and spleen) of 216 wild rodents were collected from seven localities in the Czech Republic. A total of 31 spirochaete strains were isolated: 13 strains from ticks, 1 strain from mite (Haemogamasus sp.), 15 strains from rodents, 1 strain from mosquito adults and 1 strain from mosquito larva. For the genospecies identification of these isolates PCR, PCR-RFLP was used and their characterization was also performed by SDS-PAGE. By nested PCR method all except one isolated strains were detected as Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. Following PCR-RFLP molecular analysis results, tick isolates were identified as B. garinii and B. afzelii, the strain isolated from the mite was identified as B. afzelii. This is the first isolated strain of B.b.s.l. from a different mite of infraorder Parasitiformes than tick. All of rodent isolates were identified as B. afzelii; mosquito adult isolate was identified as B. afzelii. Larval isolate from mosquito is spirochaete, but does not belong to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato group.

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“…An expanded analysis, which included 39 different human Lyme disease patients, revealed that a combination of the OspE and ElpB1 lipoproteins could be the basis for a new serodiagnostic assay for Lyme disease. Importantly, this novel serodiagnostic test would be useful independent of prior OspA vaccination status.Lyme disease, the most common arthropod-borne disease in North America (49,50,70), is a multisystem disorder characterized by dermatologic, cardiac, neurologic, and arthritic manifestations (68, 69). Lyme disease pathogenesis and Borrelia burgdorferi infectivity have been studied in numerous animal models; however, the disease manifestations observed vary widely among host species (9).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lyme disease, the most common arthropod-borne disease in North America (49,50,70), is a multisystem disorder characterized by dermatologic, cardiac, neurologic, and arthritic manifestations (68, 69). Lyme disease pathogenesis and Borrelia burgdorferi infectivity have been studied in numerous animal models; however, the disease manifestations observed vary widely among host species (9).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

OspE-Related, OspF-Related, and Elp Lipoproteins Are Immunogenic in Baboons Experimentally Infected withBorrelia burgdorferiand in Human Lyme Disease Patients

Hefty¹,

Brooks²,

Jett³

et al. 2002

J Clin Microbiol

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Presently, the rhesus macaque is the only nonhuman primate animal model utilized for the study of Lyme disease. While this animal model closely mimics human disease, rhesus macaques can harbor the herpes B virus, which is often lethal to humans; macaques also do not express the full complement of immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses found in humans. Conversely, baboons contain the full complement of IgG subclasses and do not harbor the herpes B virus. For these reasons, baboons have been increasingly utilized as the basis for models of infectious diseases and studies assessing the safety and immunogenicity of new vaccines. Here we analyzed the capability of baboons to become infected with Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease. Combined culture and PCR analyses of tick-and syringe-infected animals indicated that baboons are a sufficient host for B. burgdorferi. Analysis of the antibody responses in infected baboons over a 48-week period revealed that antibodies are generated early during infection against many borrelial antigens, including the various OspE, OspF, and Elp paralogs that are encoded on the ubiquitous 32-kb circular plasmids (cp32s). By using the baboon sera generated by experimental infection it was determined that a combination of two cp32-encoded lipoproteins, OspE and ElpB1, resulted in highly specific and sensitive detection of B. burgdorferi infection. An expanded analysis, which included 39 different human Lyme disease patients, revealed that a combination of the OspE and ElpB1 lipoproteins could be the basis for a new serodiagnostic assay for Lyme disease. Importantly, this novel serodiagnostic test would be useful independent of prior OspA vaccination status.Lyme disease, the most common arthropod-borne disease in North America (49,50,70), is a multisystem disorder characterized by dermatologic, cardiac, neurologic, and arthritic manifestations (68, 69). Lyme disease pathogenesis and Borrelia burgdorferi infectivity have been studied in numerous animal models; however, the disease manifestations observed vary widely among host species (9). The murine model of Lyme disease has been the most intensively investigated and is presently the preferred animal model for Lyme disease research. The mouse model has allowed researchers to gain valuable insight into the effects of various components of the immune system in relation to Lyme disease pathogenesis (10, 13, 57, 64, 68, 69). However, there are drawbacks to the mouse model of Lyme disease. For instance, the mouse immune system and how it responds to B. burgdorferi infection can differ from the human immune response to this organism. Furthermore, not all disease manifestations observed in humans also are observed in mice, especially the erythema migrans and neurologic symptoms typically associated with Lyme disease (74).Presently, the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) provides the closest animal model to human Lyme disease. Infection of these animals with B. burgdorferi results in an almost complete spectrum of human disease and the various ...

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Lyme disease: a growing threat to urban populations.

Abstract: Lyme disease or Lyme bobrosis, which is caused by three groups of the spirochete Borreiia burgdorferi, Is Asi

Cited by 86 publications

References 72 publications

Links Among Human Health, Animal Health, and Ecosystem Health

Links Among Human Health, Animal Health, and Ecosystem Health

Identification and characterization of 31 isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetales, Spirochaetaceae) obtained from various hosts and vectors using PCR-RFLP and SDS-PAGE analysis

OspE-Related, OspF-Related, and Elp Lipoproteins Are Immunogenic in Baboons Experimentally Infected withBorrelia burgdorferiand in Human Lyme Disease Patients

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