Lycopodium Prothallia in Western Massachusetts

Stokey, Alma G.; Starr, Anna M.

doi:10.1086/333283

Cited by 7 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Janse followed with reports on 8 Javan species, several being reported for the first time. Holloway (1920) has added much to our knowledge of Australasian species, hence Europe and the Austral region have been partly covered but America has offered but two papers on lycopodiaceous fungal symbionts,by Spessard (1922) and by Stokey and Starr (1924). Americans have produced six papers on mycorrhizae of ferns, two on Lycopods, and none on the hepatics.…”

Section: The Occurrence Of Mycorrhizaementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sporelike bodies were found in L. luciduluin, sometimes with chromatinlike content and sometimes with fine hyphae proceeding from pores as though the body were germinating ; while in some cells were found true spore-bodies. Stokey & Starr (1924) cite fungal infection of L. complanatum, L. obscurum and L. clavatmn; and state that fungal hyphae were usually found in great abundance in the soil in which prothalli were growing. But in culture Barrows (1936) found that an endophyte isolated from a Lycopodium did not aid development of germinating spores of L. complanatum var.…”

Section: Kelleymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycotrophy in Plants. Lectures on the Biology of Mycorrhizae and Related Structures

M.¹,

Kelley²

1951

Mycologia

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MycotrophyForest tree mycorrhizae receive continued attention from two of the principal investigators of mycotrophy. Rayner (1941) has summarized her own and related researches on the effect of composts on tree growth. Melin's (1946) attention has been turned especially to growth and anti-bacterial substances with respect to mycotrophy. Recently fallen leaf-litter was found to contain water-soluble substances that promoted the growth of litter-decomposing and mycorrhizal fungi. Cognate studies have been made by Harley but his latest paper was not available at this writing. that root-hairs were only incidental phenomena. To these hypotheses was added in 1768 that of S. Simon, who stated that roots, at least the noduliferous, are merely excretionary organs which serve to eliminate excess elaborated sap from the plant. In the earliest years of the nineteenth century, Garradori showed that root-hairs are wanting in water, from which fact he concluded that root hairs serve for absorption of moisture from the air and not for absorption of liquid water, which, he concluded, must be taken up by the spongy ends of roots. But, according to Moldenhawer, root-hairs may be compared to druse-hairs of leaves : they secrete a liquid which serves Kelley -2 -Mycotrophy to dissolve food materials somewhat as saliva does in animals. It was F. Meyen, in 1838, who came to the modern view that root-hairs serve merely to increase the outer surface area of the root.By such studies attention was focused on root-hairs until Botany was firmly moulded to the view that higher plants are nourished by a root-hair mechanism. So positive had Botany become that by 1883, Frank Schwarz (from whom we have quoted much of the preceding paragraph) was able to state without exciting contradiction:"From my researches it may be stated that root-hairs are present on most plants, and when a plant fails to produce root-hairs it may be counted an exception." He listed as exceptions : water and swamp plants, and those the water and salt requirements of which are met in a special way, as in conifers, noduHferous plants and in part by parasites. Early Study of Nodules: -Thus it was, not by extended observation or study of plants in nature but by sheer dogmatism that root-hairs came to be regarded as the predominate root structures of higher plants. Hairless roots were considered exceptional, but they were constantly being noted. Malpighi, early microscopist that he was, had described and figured nodules while du Hamel du Monceau in 1758 had stated that such structures were generally found on leguminous plants. Even Meyen, in 1829, who has been accredited with discovery of mycorrhizae, simply described nodules of the alder. Alder nodules were more carefully studied by Woronin in 1867 but his inadequate facilities led him to confuse bacterial strands with fungal hyphae. Even to this day there is confused thought about root-nodules for some investigators assert them to be purely bacterial while others consider them fungal. Nutrition of Monotropa: -Besides nodulous...

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Section: The Occurrence Of Mycorrhizaementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Kelleymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotrophy in Plants. Lectures on the Biology of Mycorrhizae and Related Structures

M.¹,

Kelley²

1951

Mycologia

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show abstract

Section: Kelleymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…North-eastern U.S.A.: -There is not very much known of mycorrhizal distribution in the U.S.A. New England, oldest center of learning in the country, has told us nothing of the subject, except that Ames (1921 et seq.) described "mycorrhizae" for some orchids whileStokey (1924) reported fungal infection of Lycopodium prothallia in western Massachusetts. Epigaea from Connecticut provided Barrows (1936) with material for her studies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotrophy in plants; lectures on the biology of mycorrhizae and related structures

Kelley¹

1950

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Mycotrophy Forest tree mycorrhizae receive continued attention from two of the principal investigators of mycotrophy. Rayner (1941) has summarized her own and related researches on the effect of composts on tree growth. Melin's (1946) attention has been turned especially to growth and anti-bacterial substances with respect to mycotrophy. Recently fallen leaf-litter was found to contain water-soluble substances that promoted the growth of litter-decomposing and mycorrhizal fungi. Cognate studies have been made by Harley but his latest paper was not available at this writing. Early Studies on Root Hairs:-Early observers were perhaps influenced by knowledge of circulation of blood in animal bodies and were doubtless expecting to find vessels in plants. When Malpighi found root-hairs on elm, black poplar, and willow roots, he assumed that these structures took up crude sap and passed it on to vessels. Grew, publishing about the same time (1682) had decided that spongy ends of roots served admirably for absorption of water and food from the soil; and Hales in 1727 and de la Baisse in 1733 tried to show experimentally that the greater quantity of water used by the plant was taken up through ends of the root-tips and that root-hairs were only incidental phenomena. To these hypotheses was added in 1768 that of S. Simon, who stated that roots, at least the noduliferous, are merely excretionary organs which serve to eliminate excess elaborated sap from the plant. In the earliest years of the nineteenth century, Garradori showed that root-hairs are wanting in water, from which fact he concluded that root hairs serve for absorption of moisture from the air and not for absorption of liquid water, which, he concluded, must be taken up by the spongy ends of roots. But, according to Moldenhawer, root-hairs may be compared to druse-hairs of leaves : they secrete a liquid which serves Kelley-2-Mycotrophy to dissolve food materials somewhat as saliva does in animals. It was F. Meyen, in 1838, who came to the modern view that root-hairs serve merely to increase the outer surface area of the root. By such studies attention was focused on root-hairs until Botany was firmly moulded to the view that higher plants are nourished by a root-hair mechanism. So positive had Botany become that by 1883, Frank Schwarz (from whom we have quoted much of the preceding paragraph) was able to state without exciting contradiction: "From my researches it may be stated that root-hairs are present on most plants, and when a plant fails to produce root-hairs it may be counted an exception." He listed as exceptions : water and swamp plants, and those the water and salt requirements of which are met in a special way, as in conifers, noduHferous plants and in part by parasites. Early Study of Nodules:-Thus it was, not by extended observation or study of plants in nature but by sheer dogmatism that root-hairs came to be regarded as the predominate root structures of higher plants. Hairless roots were considered exceptional, but they were constantly being note...

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“…This work was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant No. DEB-7902926. upper Michigan by Spessard (1917), from western Massachusetts by Stokey and Starr (1924), and from west-central New York by Eames (1942), were either L. digitatum, known in much previous botanical literature as L. flabelliforme, or L. tristachyum.…”

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confidence: 99%

Gametophyte of Lycopodium Digitatum

Bruce

1979

American J of Botany

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Gametophytes of Lycopodium digitatum A. Braun are subterranean, mycorrhizal structures. Externally, they are conical and divided into three principal regions: tapering base, ring meristem, and gametangial cap. Internally, the endobiont is restricted to specialized tissues in the base. Gametangia typical of those described for L. complanatum are found along the cap margin near the ring meristem. Comparative analysis of these and other related gametophytes leads to the conclusion that Bruchmann's Type I (L. clavatum) and Type II (L. complanatum) gametophytes cannot be consistently separated on the basis of 1) mycorrhizal tissues, 2) form of gametophyte, and 3) number of neck canal cells in the archegonium, as he had proposed. Consequently, it is suggested on the basis of ring meristem and radial symmetry, mycorrhizal tissue specialization, and lack of sterile paraphyses or lobes that Type I and Type II gametophytes be merged as a single type. The now broadened clavatumcomplanatum type is restricted to subgenus Lycopodium (sensu Wilce) where it is the only known type.

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Lycopodium Prothallia in Western Massachusetts

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

Mycotrophy in Plants. Lectures on the Biology of Mycorrhizae and Related Structures

Mycotrophy in Plants. Lectures on the Biology of Mycorrhizae and Related Structures

Mycotrophy in plants; lectures on the biology of mycorrhizae and related structures

Gametophyte of Lycopodium Digitatum

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