LXXV. <i>The condensation method of demonstrating the ionisation of air under normal conditions</i>

Wilson, Chris

doi:10.1080/14786440409463162

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Let’s consider how these negative charges can affect the HFCVD process. In the historic Wilson cloud chamber experiment, it is well established that ions induce nucleation [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Since the electrostatic energy of ions is expressed by e 2 /r, where e is the electronic charge and r is the radius of an ion, the attachment of supersaturated atoms to ions would decrease the electrostatic energy.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unusual Dependence of the Diamond Growth Rate on the Methane Concentration in the Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition Process

Song

Kim

et al. 2021

Materials

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Although the growth rate of diamond increased with increasing methane concentration at the filament temperature of 2100 °C during a hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD), it decreased with increasing methane concentration from 1% CH4 –99% H2 to 3% CH4 –97% H2 at 1900 °C. We investigated this unusual dependence of the growth rate on the methane concentration, which might give insight into the growth mechanism of a diamond. One possibility would be that the high methane concentration increases the non-diamond phase, which is then etched faster by atomic hydrogen, resulting in a decrease in the growth rate with increasing methane concentration. At 3% CH4 –97% H2, the graphite was coated on the hot filament both at 1900 °C and 2100 °C. The graphite coating on the filament decreased the number of electrons emitted from the hot filament. The electron emission at 3% CH4 –97% H2 was 13 times less than that at 1% CH4 –99% H2 at the filament temperature of 1900 °C. The lower number of electrons at 3% CH4 –97% H2 was attributed to the formation of the non-diamond phase, which etched faster than diamond, resulting in a lower growth rate.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unusual Dependence of the Diamond Growth Rate on the Methane Concentration in the Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition Process

Song

Kim

et al. 2021

Materials

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“…B8-B9 Wilson [1929] Schonland and Craib [1927] Schonland [1928a, 1928b, 1930 Schonland and Viljoen [1933] 1932-1941 Solar Physics Observatory Johannesburg, South Africa monopolize his attention through numerous following research publications [Wilson, 1899[Wilson, , 1901a[Wilson, , 1901b[Wilson, , 1904.…”

Section: Laboratory Work: Cavendish Laboratorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wilson had discovered the nucleating properties of negative and positive ions, continuously created by cosmic radiation (see Appendix B, note 4). His cloud chamber now represented the medium of atmospheric electricity, and would Wilson [1895Wilson [ , 1897Wilson [ , 1899Wilson [ , 1901aWilson [ , 1901bWilson [ ] 1903Wilson [ -1910 Peebles, Scotland Fair weather electricity (phase 2) Global circuit Wilson [1903Wilson [ , 1906Wilson [ , 1908 1911-1914 Cavendish Laboratory Cloud chamber (phase 2) A9-A11 Wilson [1911Wilson [ , 1912Wilson [ ] 1914Wilson [ -1920 Solar Physics Observatory Thunderstorms (phase 3) B5-B6 Wilson [1916Wilson [ , 1917Wilson [ , 1921Wilson [ ] 1921Wilson [ -1925 Solar Physics Observatory Cloud chamber (phase 3) A12-A17 Wilson [1923aWilson [ , 1923bWilson [ , 1965Wilson [ ] 1926Wilson [ -1933 Cape Town, South Africa Thunderstorms and electron runaway (phase 4) Wilson [1929] Schonland and Craib [1927] Schonland [1928a, 1928b, 1930 monopolize his attention through numerous following research publications [Wilson, 1899[Wilson, , 1901a[Wilson, , 1901b[Wilson, , 1904.…”

Section: Laboratory Work: Cavendish Laboratorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin and context of C. T. R. Wilson's ideas on electron runaway in thunderclouds

Williams

2010

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] The publications, research notebooks and personal correspondence of C.T.R. Wilson are reviewed to understand his thinking on the idea of electron runaway in thunderclouds. The expansion cloud chamber, developed and refined over a period of nearly fifty years, is centrally important. Wilson's habit of research is characterized by a pattern of alternating between laboratory work with the cloud chamber and field observations of thunderclouds and the global electrical circuit. The evidence that the ionization tracks of electrons in the cloud chamber straightened with increasing energy was key to the idea of electron runaway, published in 1925. Despite numerous negative results by Wilson's colleagues Schonland, Halliday and others in searching for energetic particles in the vicinity of thunderclouds, Wilson supported the idea from its inception to his final publication in 1956. Wilson's notebooks indicate a conceptual awareness of runaway breakdown in thunderclouds 60 years in advance of contemporary theoretical publications. Definitive observational results on runaway breakdown in contemporary research were likely delayed for 60 years as a result of the unfortunate negative experimental results with inadequate equipment.

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“…Our prehistory would be remiss if we did not also mention the expansion cloud chamber developed by C. T. R. Wilson (1904) to study the condensation of supersaturated water vapor, including the effects on ionizing radiation. Wilson's apparatus is depicted in Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

Light Scattering Instrumentation for Aerosol Studies: An Historical Overview

Kerker

1997

Aerosol Science and Technology

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LXXV. The condensation method of demonstrating the ionisation of air under normal conditions

Cited by 12 publications

References 3 publications

Unusual Dependence of the Diamond Growth Rate on the Methane Concentration in the Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition Process

Unusual Dependence of the Diamond Growth Rate on the Methane Concentration in the Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition Process

Origin and context of C. T. R. Wilson's ideas on electron runaway in thunderclouds

Light Scattering Instrumentation for Aerosol Studies: An Historical Overview

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