LXII.<i>A modification of the rayleigh disk method for measuring sound-intensities</i>

Sivian, L. J.

doi:10.1080/14786440308565104

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…One of the first applications of dynamic radiation force was devised in 1928 by Sivian [5] to measure acoustic power on a suspended disk. In 1953, Macnamara et al [6] developed a method based on this force to measure absorption in liquids.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Parametric Amplification of the Dynamic Radiation Force of Acoustic Waves in Fluids

2006

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We report on parametric amplification in dynamic radiation force produced by a bichromatic acoustic beam in a fluid. To explain this effect we develop a theory taking into account the nonlinearity of the fluid. The theory is validated through an experiment to measure the dynamic radiation force on an acrylic sphere. Results exhibit an amplification of 66 dB in water and 80 dB in alcohol as the difference of the frequencies is increased from 10 Hz to 240 kHz.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Parametric Amplification of the Dynamic Radiation Force of Acoustic Waves in Fluids

2006

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“…Radiation pressure [ 1 – 13 ] has been employed in a wide variety [ 14 – 27 ] of ultrasound power meter designs. In these instruments, an appropriately constructed target properly aligned in a steady-state underwater ultrasound field is subjected to a radiation force F given by

where e T is a correction factor determined by various properties of the target, W is the time-averaged spatially integrated power intercepted by the target, and c is the speed of sound in the water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Selection of the optimal shape and material for an RFB target depends on the usual variety of application-specific details. Combinations of constraints on accuracy, cost, propagation medium, ultrasound amplitude, frequency, spatial (scanned v. stationary), and temporal (continuous v. pulsed) characteristics have led to the use of flat, waffled, concave, and convex shapes, and to the use of both absorptive and reflective materials [ 14 – 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-situ Attenuation Corrections for Radiation Force Measurements of High Frequency Ultrasound With a Conical Target

Fick¹,

Ruggles²

2006

J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol.

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Radiation force balance (RFB) measurements of time-averaged, spatially-integrated ultrasound power transmitted into a reflectionless water load are based on measurements of the power received by the RFB target. When conical targets are used to intercept the output of collimated, circularly symmetric ultrasound sources operating at frequencies above a few megahertz, the correction for in-situ attenuation is significant, and differs significantly from predictions for idealized circumstances. Empirical attenuation correction factors for a 45° (half-angle) absorptive conical RFB target have been determined for 24 frequencies covering the 5 MHz to 30 MHz range. They agree well with previously unpublished attenuation calibration factors determined in 1994 for a similar target.

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“…In providing a brief description of key aspects of the design and operation of the NIST RFB, this paper uses results from the now extensive body of radiation force theory [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] and its applications [1,5,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Information is presented only as it applies to a very narrow subject: the operation of a particular instrument, the NIST RFB, for the particular purposes just described.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound power measurement by pulsed radiation pressure

Fick¹

1999

Metrologia

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In a specially designed radiation force balance (RFB), low-frequency pulse modulation of the incident ultrasound allows high-accuracy measurement of time-averaged spatially-integrated ultrasound power radiated into a reflectionless water load. Errors characteristic of force sensors are precluded by operating the RFB as a force comparator, without directly measuring force. Equipped with purpose-built transducers and electronics, the RFB is adjusted to equate the radiation force and a counterforce generated by an actuator calibrated against reference masses using direct current as the transfer variable. Special techniques enable RFB measurements of the output of continuous-wave and pulsed diagnostic medical systems. Nearly twenty years ago, customer feedback indicated that the accuracy of power levels replicated using radiation conductance was seriously compromised by limitations of equipment typically available. Accordingly, an alternative scheme, based on a stable radio frequency (rf) voltage sensor treated as part of the transfer standard, was developed which allows ultrasound power-transfer measurements to be achieved with relative standard uncertainty components as low as 2 10-3 (1), using equipment already available to most customers. A detailed description is given of the dc-level method (DCLM), which since 1985 has been, by a wide margin, the method most frequently requested.

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LXII.A modification of the rayleigh disk method for measuring sound-intensities

Cited by 14 publications

References 1 publication

Parametric Amplification of the Dynamic Radiation Force of Acoustic Waves in Fluids

Parametric Amplification of the Dynamic Radiation Force of Acoustic Waves in Fluids

In-situ Attenuation Corrections for Radiation Force Measurements of High Frequency Ultrasound With a Conical Target

Ultrasound power measurement by pulsed radiation pressure

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