LV. <i>A study of Franklin's Experiment on the Leyden Jar with movable coatings</i>

Addenbrooke, G.L.

doi:10.1080/14786442208633901

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…As an aside, it is interesting to note that the first historical use of stretched exponential functions by Kohlrausch in 1854, was to describe the discharge of a Leyden jar capacitor . Later work found that conductivity of the jar’s glass surfaces, facilitated by water adsorption from the atmosphere played, an important role in the charge and discharge of these jars. , We are not aware of any detailed models for discharge of a Leyden jar that account for its geometry, but it is interesting to speculate whether surface conduction across the jar’s varied surfaces might have contributed the complex discharge responses that Kohlrausch observed, which included both nonmonotonic behavior and stretched-exponential decay.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Electric Polarization and Relaxation of Ions at Humid Calcite Surfaces

Legg,

Zhu,

Nakouzi

et al. 2024

J. Phys. Chem. C

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Mobile ions at mineral surfaces can respond to an applied electric field, adopting a new distribution that effectively represents polarization of the electrical double layer. When the field is released, the ions relax to their equilibrium distribution. In both cases, the dynamics are characteristic of the interface. However, current models of electrokinetic phenomena are not sufficiently robust to accurately predict collective ion dynamics at structurally and chemically specific mineral−water interfaces. In this study, we use electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) to investigate the dynamics of ion relaxation at hydrated calcite (104) surfaces at controlled relative humidity (RH). Electrically biased probes are used to polarize the distributions of calcium and carbonate ions that are intrinsic to this interface across a range of RH values. Polarization kinetics are tracked by monitoring the tip−sample force gradient during charging, and EFM imaging is used to characterize the spatial relaxation dynamics after the applied field is released. Electrostatic finite element modeling of the sample/ probe system across length-scales from nanometers to millimeters reproduces the observed stretched exponential charging response. Together, these results allow us to estimate the ion diffusivities at the interface across a wide range of RH values. These diffusivities increase by roughly 5 orders of magnitude as the RH is increased from 5 to 90%, highlighting the critical role of adsorbed water for surface ion solvation that enables ion mobility.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Electric Polarization and Relaxation of Ions at Humid Calcite Surfaces

Legg,

Zhu,

Nakouzi

et al. 2024

J. Phys. Chem. C

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“…Various explanations were offered for the observed effects; however, these explanations were not thought to be adequately supported by experimental evidence, so new experimental investigations were undertaken in the first half of the 20th century (nearly 200 years after Franklin's experiments) [21]. Our discussion will be based on two of these investigations: those of George Addenbrooke (1860-1943) published in 1922 [22] and of John Zeleny (1872-1951) published in 1944 [23].…”

Section: Physical Explanations For Franklin's Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Addenbrooke did experiments in which he eliminated the water from the Leyden jar [22]. He made the jar (dielectric) from paraffin wax, which is not as hygroscopic as glass, and he used metallic inner and outer electrodes (coatings).…”

Section: The Leyden Jarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benjamin Franklin and the dissectible capacitor: his observations might surprise you

Smith¹

2017

Eur. J. Phys.

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Although he is best known as an American statesman, Benjamin Franklin also made important contributions to electrical science in the mid-18th century. At the time, the Leyden jar, the first capacitor, had just been invented, and Franklin performed experiments to determine the source of the spark and shock that occurred on discharge of the jar. In these experiments, he used Leyden jars and Franklin squares (parallel-plate capacitors) that could be disassembled and reassembled. These devices later became known as dissectible capacitors. One of the more interesting results Franklin obtained was that an electrified capacitor containing a dielectric could be disassembled, the electrodes discharged, and the capacitor reassembled without sacrificing its ability to produce a spark and shock. This result is contrary to what one expects from today’s theory for capacitors involving ideal dielectrics (those possessing polarization and no other special properties such as surface effects): all charge is on the electrodes, and once they are discharged the capacitor is no longer electrified. During the years since Franklin’s observations, additional experiments have been performed and various explanations offered for the cause of Franklin’s results. In this paper, we first review the details for Franklin’s experiments, and then we describe a very simple experiment that can be performed today with a parallel-plate capacitor that gives results similar to Franklin’s. Next we discuss the experiments of Addenbrooke and Zeleny, performed in the first half of the 20th century, which provide plausible explanations for Franklin’s observations. Finally we describe the relationship of Franklin’s dissectible parallel-plate capacitor to another important 18th century invention—Volta’s generator of static electricity, the electrophorus.

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“…The clue to the explanation of the effects observed in the experiment is provided by G. L. Addenbrooke's findings (Addenbrooke 1922) if we consider that the outer electrode of Richmann's jar was a metal cylinder, a sort of glass-holder, which fitted on the outside of the jar proper. The fit was imperfect, to the sure, which is essential to the understanding of the experiment.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Richmann's Experiment and the Electrophorus

Kryzhanovsky¹

1991

Centaurus

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LV. A study of Franklin's Experiment on the Leyden Jar with movable coatings

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Dynamics of Electric Polarization and Relaxation of Ions at Humid Calcite Surfaces

Dynamics of Electric Polarization and Relaxation of Ions at Humid Calcite Surfaces

Benjamin Franklin and the dissectible capacitor: his observations might surprise you

Richmann's Experiment and the Electrophorus

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