“…cAMP, either via a PKA‐dependent or PKA‐independent manner, affects numerous cellular functions such as metabolism, gene expression, ion channel activation, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and is considered very relevant to cancer (Beavo and Brunton, ; Gancedo, ). Moreover, the cAMP signaling interacts with other intracellular signaling pathways, including cytokine and Ras‐Raf‐ Erk pathways (Follin‐Arbelet et al, ; Spina et al, ; Tai et al, ; Cheng et al, ; Park and Juhnn, ). Notably, these signaling connections also play an important role in cancer biology and a combined blockade of such signaling pathways is considered a relevant strategy for therapeutic intervention to fight cancer (Awada and Aftimos, ; Indovina et al, ; Kidger and Keyse, ).…”