Lung injury following a 50-metre fall into water.

Robertson, H. Thomas; Lakshminarayan, S.; Hudson, Leonard D.

doi:10.1136/thx.33.2.175

Cited by 28 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The only reported injuries from plunge-diving occur from bird-on-bird collisions (19). However, for humans, diving into water at speeds greater than 26 m/s risks severe fractures in the cervical or thoracic vertebrae and speeds greater than 30 m/s risk death, regardless of impact orientation (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26). Understanding the bird plunge-dive may further explain methods of injury prevention in human diving.…”

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confidence: 99%

How seabirds plunge-dive without injuries

Chang

Croson

Straker

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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In nature, several seabirds (e.g., gannets and boobies) dive into water at up to 24 m/s as a hunting mechanism; furthermore, gannets and boobies have a slender neck, which is potentially the weakest part of the body under compression during high-speed impact. In this work, we investigate the stability of the bird's neck during plunge-diving by understanding the interaction between the fluid forces acting on the head and the flexibility of the neck. First, we use a salvaged bird to identify plunge-diving phases. Anatomical features of the skull and neck were acquired to quantify the effect of beak geometry and neck musculature on the stability during a plunge-dive. Second, physical experiments using an elastic beam as a model for the neck attached to a skull-like cone revealed the limits for the stability of the neck during the bird's dive as a function of impact velocity and geometric factors. We find that the neck length, neck muscles, and diving speed of the bird predominantly reduce the likelihood of injury during the plunge-dive. Finally, we use our results to discuss maximum diving speeds for humans to avoid injury.diving | seabirds | buckling | injury | water entry N ature contains several species of creatures that interact with the air-water interface (1). A number of bird species are able to dive into water from the air as a hunting mechanism (e.g., kingfishers, terns, and gannets), a behavior known as plunge-diving (2, 3). Some seabirds, like the northern gannet, are highly specialized plunge-divers, making 20-100 dives per foraging trip, diving from heights of 5-45 m, and attaining speeds of more than 20 m/s (4-7). Thus, the bird's structure and behavior have presumably evolved to withstand a variety of high dynamic stresses, because no injuries have been reported in plunge-diving seabirds. Biologists have previously focused on the diving behavior in terms of ecological factors, such as diving depths, prey species, and hunting success rate (8-10), and physiological features, such as the role of vision while crossing the air-water interface (11,12). Unique kinematic and morphological features during the dive have also been observed, such as having a sharp, arrow-like body posture and a straight, long, and slender neck (13,14). However, a mechanical understanding of plunge-diving birds is not well-established.To study such a phenomenon, Morus bassanus (hereafter gannets) and Sula leucogaster (hereafter boobies), from the Sulidae family, are used as a model species due to their highly specialized diving characteristics (5, 13). First, they plunge-dive at very high speeds, using that momentum to carry them to some depth. Then, they use their webbed feet and/or wings to propel themselves further underwater, like penguins and cormorants (15, 16). Although plunge-diving at high speeds allows the bird to dive deeper, it induces much larger stresses on the seabird's body than pursuit diving alone (13). The two main forms of plunge-diving observed are known as the V-shaped dive and the U-shaped dive (5). During ...

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confidence: 99%

How seabirds plunge-dive without injuries

Chang

Croson

Straker

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Figure b extracted from this study, shows a good correlation between experimental and numerical pressure time histories in internal organs. Extended details on these validations can be found in works of Roth et al and Awoukeng Goumtcha et al …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, consecutive CT was done revealing a complete resolution of the right middle lobe opacity. This case was classified in the present paper as a free‐fall scenario from height in water. The present scenario results from a study of a number of 50‐m free‐fall suicide attempts happening at the Aurora Bridge in United State of America and investigated by Robertson et al . They analysed the case of 142 persons landed directly on the water and reported in Seattle newspaper.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The present scenario results from a study of a number of 50‐m free‐fall suicide attempts happening at the Aurora Bridge in United State of America and investigated by Robertson et al . They analysed the case of 142 persons landed directly on the water and reported in Seattle newspaper.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, as the accident occurred during a diving activity (scenario 1) and impact resulted in major injuries at the chest zone (scenario 1 and 2), HUBYX model was oriented so that the chest being the first impact zone in both scenarios 1 and 2. Moreover, experimental studies had shown that primary lesion in lung contusion is beneath the area of impact .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From military to civil loadings: Preliminary numerical‐based thorax injury criteria investigations

Goumtcha

Bodo

Taddei

et al. 2015

Numer Methods Biomed Eng

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Effects of the impact of a mechanical structure on the human body are of great interest in the understanding of body trauma. Experimental tests have led to first conclusions about the dangerousness of an impact observing impact forces or displacement time history with PMHS (Post Mortem human Subjects). They have allowed providing interesting data for the development and the validation of numerical biomechanical models. These models, widely used in the framework of automotive crashworthiness, have led to the development of numerical-based injury criteria and tolerance thresholds. The aim of this process is to improve the safety of mechanical structures in interaction with the body. In a military context, investigations both at experimental and numerical level are less successfully completed. For both military and civil frameworks, the literature list a number of numerical analysis trying to propose injury mechanisms, and tolerance thresholds based on biofidelic Finite Element (FE) models of different part of the human body. However the link between both frameworks is not obvious, since lots of parameters are different: great mass impacts at relatively low velocity for civil impacts (falls, automotive crashworthiness) and low mass at very high velocity for military loadings (ballistic, blast). In this study, different accident cases were investigated, and replicated with a previously developed and validated FE model of the human thorax named Hermaphrodite Universal Biomechanical YX model (HUBYX model). These previous validations included replications of standard experimental tests often used to validate models in the context of automotive industry, experimental ballistic tests in high speed dynamic impact and also numerical replication of blast loading test ensuring its biofidelity. In order to extend the use of this model in other frameworks, some real-world accidents were reconstructed, and consequences of these loadings on the FE model were explored. These various numerical replications of accident coming from different contexts raise the question about the ability of a FE model to correctly predict several kinds of trauma, from blast or ballistic impacts to falls, sports or automotive ones in a context of numerical injury mechanisms and tolerance limits investigations.

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Blunt Trauma

2007

Forensic Pathology of Trauma

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Lung injury following a 50-metre fall into water.

Cited by 28 publications

References 23 publications

How seabirds plunge-dive without injuries

How seabirds plunge-dive without injuries

From military to civil loadings: Preliminary numerical‐based thorax injury criteria investigations

Blunt Trauma

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