Lung function and long term exposure to air pollutants in Switzerland. Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA) Team.

Ackermann‐Liebrich, Ursula; Leuenberger, P; Schwartz, Joel; Schindler, Ch.; Monn, Christian; Bolognini, G; Bongard, Jean-Pierre; Brändli, O; Domenighetti, Guido; Elsässer, S; Grize, Leticia; Karrer, Werner; Keller, Roland; Keller-Wossidlo, Harriet; Künzli, Nino; Martin, Berenger; Tc, Medici; Perruchoud, André P.; Schöni, Martin H.; Tschopp, Jean‐Marie; Villiger, B; Wüthrich, B; Zellweger, Jean-Pierre; Zemp, Elisabeth

doi:10.1164/ajrccm.155.1.9001300

Cited by 337 publications

(148 citation statements)

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“…Increased morbidity has been found to be associated with long-term exposure to particulate matter, for decreased lung function (37,38), increased respiratory symptoms or illness (39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46), increased symptoms in children with asthma (47), increased hospitalizations or emergency room visits for persons with asthma (48,49), and low birth weight (50)(51)(52). Investigators studying children's absences from school, lung function, and respiratory symptoms report similar results (25,53).…”

Section: Particulate Mattermentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Researchers have found increased morbidity to be associated with long-term exposure to NO 2 , for decreased lung function (38,58,65,66), increased respiratory symptoms or illness (41,46,65,(67)(68)(69), and increased symptoms in children with asthma (47).…”

Section: Nitrogen Dioxidementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers have found decreased lung function (38,58) and increased respiratory symptoms or illness (39,65) to be associated with long-term exposure to SO 2 .…”

Section: Sulfur Dioxidementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Use of an index to reflect the aggregate burden of long-term exposure to criteria air pollutants in the United States.

Kyle

Woodruff

Buffler

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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Air pollution control in the United States for five common pollutants-particulate matter, ground-level ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide-is based partly on the attainment of ambient air quality standards that represent a level of air pollution regarded as safe. Regulatory and health agencies often focus on whether standards for short periods are attained; the number of days that standards are exceeded is used to track progress. Efforts to explain air pollution to the public often incorporate an air quality index that represents daily concentrations of pollutants. While effects of short-term exposures have been emphasized, research shows that long-term exposures to lower concentrations of air pollutants can also result in adverse health effects. We developed an aggregate index that represents long-term exposure to these pollutants, using 1995 monitoring data for metropolitan areas obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Aerometric Information Retrieval System. We compared the ranking of metropolitan areas under the proposed aggregate index with the ranking of areas by the number of days that short-term standards were exceeded. The geographic areas with the highest burden of long-term exposures are not, in all cases, the same as those with the most days that exceeded a short-term standard. We believe that an aggregate index of long-term air pollution offers an informative addition to the principal approaches currently used to describe air pollution exposures; further work on an aggregate index representing long-term exposure to air pollutants is warranted.

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Section: Particulate Mattermentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Nitrogen Dioxidementioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of an index to reflect the aggregate burden of long-term exposure to criteria air pollutants in the United States.

Kyle

Woodruff

Buffler

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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show abstract

“…However, the gain in statistical power through increasing the number of study sites often conflicts with financial and logistic limitations (15). As a consequence, the few air pollution studies that have been explicitly designed to assess long-term effects of air pollution have usually been restricted to a limited number of study sites (10,16,17).…”

Section: A Challenging Research Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Health Effects of Particulate and Other Ambient Air Pollution: Research Can Progress Faster If We Want It To

Künzli¹,

Tager²

2000

Environ Health Perspect

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“…In epidemiologic studies investigating long-term effects of PM on health, exposure is usually assigned to a group or population level based on fixed-site monitoring data. [1][2][3][4][5] Several Swiss studies comparing the health of children 2 and adults 1,3 living in different areas of the country also based the exposure assessment on one fixed-site monitor in each study area. However, since these studies were crosssectional in design, little is known about the small-scale spatial variability of PM within the study areas, although it may affect the observed results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Variability of Different Fractions of Particulate Matter within an Urban Environment and between Urban and Rural Sites

Röösli

Braun‐Fahrländer

Künzli

et al. 2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The spatial variability of different fractions of particulate matter (PM) was investigated in the city of Basel, Switzerland, based on measurements performed throughout 1997 with a mobile monitoring station at six sites and permanently recorded measurements from a fixed site. Additionally, PM 10 measurements from the following year, which were concurrently recorded at two urban and two rural sites, were compared.Generally, the spatial variability of PM 4 , PM 10 , and total suspended particulates (TSP) within this Swiss urban IMPLICATIONS It has become popular in recent years to use the concentration of PM as an indicator of air pollution exposure in epidemiologic studies. Since many of these studies assess the exposure of subjects based on one measurement per city, the accuracy of this technique will markedly affect the result of cross-sectional studies. High spatial variability of PM could result in a large non-differential misclassification of exposure that would lead to a smaller recognized health effect of air pollution.The remarkable spatial homogeneity of long-term mean PM levels clearly reduces the error of assigning data from one fixed monitoring site to all study subjects living in Basel, as was done in recent cross-sectional health studies in Switzerland (Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adluts, Swiss Study on Childhood Allergy and Respiratory Systems). In fact, all participants lived in urban Basel, rendering PM 4 , PM 10 , and even TSP useful city-wide surrogates for long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution. environment (area = 36 km2 ) was rather limited. With the exception of one site in a street canyon next to a traffic light, traffic density had only a weak tendency to increase the levels of PM. Mean PM 10 concentration at six sites with different traffic densities was in the range of less than ±10% of the mean urban PM 10 level. However, comparing the mean PM levels on workdays to that on weekends indicated that the impact of human activities, including traffic, on ambient PM levels may be considerable.Differences in the daily PM 10 concentrations between urban and more elevated rural sites were strongly influenced by the stability of the atmosphere. In summer, when no persistent surface inversions exist, differences between urban and rural sites were rather small. It can therefore be concluded that spatial variability of annual mean PM concentration between urban and rural sites in the Basel area may more likely be caused by varying altitude than by distance to the city center.

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Lung function and long term exposure to air pollutants in Switzerland. Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA) Team.

Cited by 337 publications

References 0 publications

Use of an index to reflect the aggregate burden of long-term exposure to criteria air pollutants in the United States.

Use of an index to reflect the aggregate burden of long-term exposure to criteria air pollutants in the United States.

Long-Term Health Effects of Particulate and Other Ambient Air Pollution: Research Can Progress Faster If We Want It To

Spatial Variability of Different Fractions of Particulate Matter within an Urban Environment and between Urban and Rural Sites

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