Lung Cancer Subtypes Generate Unique Immune Responses

Busch, Stephanie; Hanke, Mark L.; Kargl, Julia; Metz, Heather; MacPherson, David; Houghton, A. McGarry

doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1600576

Cited by 124 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…The present investigation highlights the notion that ADC and SCC have a different biologic and tissue background (28,50), including the immune context. In this regard, we documented that 36% of SCC samples displayed type III intrinsic induction, while in ADC the proportion of type IV and II was consistently higher (32% and 36%, respectively).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Low PD-1 Expression in Cytotoxic CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Confers an Immune-Privileged Tissue Microenvironment in NSCLC with a Prognostic and Predictive Value

Mazzaschi

Madeddu

Falco

et al. 2018

Clinical Cancer Research

191

148

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Purpose: The success of immune checkpoint inhibitors strengthens the notion that tumor growth and regression are immune regulated. To determine whether distinct tissue immune microenvironments differentially affect clinical outcome in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), an extended analysis of PD-L1 and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) was performed.Experimental Design: Samples from resected adenocarcinoma (ADC 42), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC 58), and 26 advanced diseases (13 ADC and 13 SCC) treated with nivolumab were analyzed. PD-L1 expression and the incidence of CD3, CD8, CD4, PD-1, CD57, FOXP3, CD25, and Granzyme B TILs were immunohistochemically assessed.Results: PD-L1 levels inversely correlated with N involvement, although they did not show a statistically significant prognostic value in resected patients. The incidence and phenotype of TILs differed in SCC versus ADC, in which EGFR and KRAS mutations conditioned a different frequency and tissue localization of lymphocytes. NSCLC resected patients with high CD8 pos lymphocytes lacking PD-1 inhibitory receptor had a longer overall survival (OS: HR ¼ 2.268; 95% CI, 1.056-4.871, P ¼ 0.03). PD-1-to-CD8 ratio resulted in a prognostic factor both on univariate (HR ¼ 1.952; 95% CI, 1.34-3.12, P ¼ 0.001) and multivariate (HR ¼ 1.943; 95% CI, 1.38-2.86, P ¼ 0.009) analysis. Moreover, low PD-1 incidence among CD8 pos cells was a distinctive feature of nivolumab-treated patients, showing clinical benefit with a prolonged progressionfree survival (PFS: HR ¼ 4.51; 95% CI, 1.45-13.94, P ¼ 0.004).Conclusions: In the presence of intrinsic variability in PD-L1 expression, the reservoir of PD-1-negative effector T lymphocytes provides an immune-privileged microenvironment with a positive impact on survival of patients with resected disease and response to immunotherapy in advanced NSCLC.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Low PD-1 Expression in Cytotoxic CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Confers an Immune-Privileged Tissue Microenvironment in NSCLC with a Prognostic and Predictive Value

Mazzaschi

Madeddu

Falco

et al. 2018

Clinical Cancer Research

191

148

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“…This would be in accordance with a higher number of immunogenic antigens in tumours with a high number of mutations. In addition, this is in accordance with the lack of CD8+ lymphocyte response in EGFR‐mutant mice models and human tumours …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

High number of kinome‐mutations in non‐small cell lung cancer is associated with reduced immune response and poor relapse‐free survival

Helland

Brustugun

Nakken

et al. 2017

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related death, and the past years’ improved insight into underlying molecular events has significantly improved outcome for specific subsets of patients. In particular, several new therapies that target protein kinases have been implemented, and many more are becoming available. We have investigated lung cancer specimens for somatic mutations in a targeted panel of 612 human genes, the majority being protein kinases. The somatic mutation profiles were correlated to profiles of immune cell infiltration as well as relapse‐free survival. Targeted deep sequencing was performed on 117 tumour/normal pairs using the SureSelect Human Kinome kit (Agilent Technologies), with capture probes targeting 3.2 Mb of the human genome, including exons and untranslated regions of all known kinases, kinase receptors and selected cancer‐related genes (612 genes in total). CD8 staining was determined using Ventana Benchmark. Survival analyses were performed using SPSS. The number of mutations per sample ranged from 0 to 50 (within the 612 genes tested), with a median of nine. The prognosis was worse for patients with more than the median number of mutations. A significant correlation was found between mutations in one of selected DNA‐repair genes and the total number of mutations in that tumour (p < 0.001). There was a significant inverse correlation between the number of infiltrating stromal CD8+ lymphocytes and the presence of EGFR mutations.

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“…Database analysis showed that TMIT was significantly associated with somatic mutations, neoantigen, PD‐L1 amplification, and oncogenic viral infection, but it was a comprehensive analysis of all types of tumors. Different lung cancer subtypes have a different biologic background and tissue characteristics . Subsequent genomic analysis indicated that TMIT was associated with mutation and neoantigen numbers in LAC but not in SCC .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The landscape of immune microenvironment in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma based on PD‐L1 expression and tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes

et al. 2019

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Aims The aim of this study was to investigate the tumor microenvironment immune types (TMIT) based on tumor cell programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression and tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) distribution and whether distinct TMIT subtypes (TMIT I, PD‐L1high/TILhigh; TMIT II, PD‐L1low/TILlow; TMIT III, PD‐L1high/TILlow; and TMIT IV, PD‐L1low/TILhigh) differentially affect clinical outcomes of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Methods and results Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was applied to evaluate the expression of PD‐L1 and the spatial distribution of programmed cell death 1 (PD‐1) and CD8 TILs on the surgically resected specimens from 205 cases of LAC and 149 cases of SCC. PD‐1 and CD8 TILs were more frequently distributed in SCC than those in LAC, regardless of their infiltrating in the tumor islets or stroma. The density of TILs was a poor prognostic factor in LAC but a favorable one in SCC. PD‐L1 levels and its clinical prognostic significance differed in LAC vs SCC. LAC patients with TMIT III and SCC patients with TMIT I had the longest survival, respectively (P = .0197 and .0049). Moreover, TMIT stratification based on tumor cell PD‐L1 expression and stromal CD8+ TILs could be considered as an independent prognostic factor of SCC patients' survival as determined by both univariate and multivariate analysis. Conclusion Our study indicates that different type of TMIT provides its specific microenvironment with diverse impact on survival of LAC and SCC patients and highlights the importance of the integrative assessment of PD‐L1 status and TILs' spatial distribution to predict patients' prognosis.

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Lung Cancer Subtypes Generate Unique Immune Responses

Cited by 124 publications

References 63 publications

Low PD-1 Expression in Cytotoxic CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Confers an Immune-Privileged Tissue Microenvironment in NSCLC with a Prognostic and Predictive Value

Low PD-1 Expression in Cytotoxic CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Confers an Immune-Privileged Tissue Microenvironment in NSCLC with a Prognostic and Predictive Value

High number of kinome‐mutations in non‐small cell lung cancer is associated with reduced immune response and poor relapse‐free survival

The landscape of immune microenvironment in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma based on PD‐L1 expression and tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes

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