Lung cancer risk measured by the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence?

Kunze, Ursula; Schöler, Eva; Schoberberger, Rudolf; Dittrich, Christian; Aigner, K; Bölcskei, P. L.; Groman, Ernest

doi:10.1080/14622200601096998

Cited by 10 publications

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“…To our knowledge, ours is the first to investigate the association between TTFC and COPD in a substantial sample from a large representative cohort. Consistent with our findings are reports that shorter TTFC is associated with family history of COPD [ 24 ] and increased risk of lung [ 9 , 10 , 25 , 26 ] and supraglottic cancers [ 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Time to First Morning Cigarette and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Smokers in the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial

Guertin

Wacholder

et al. 2015

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundTime to first cigarette (TTFC) after waking is an indicator of nicotine dependence. The association between TTFC and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the third leading cause of death in the United States, has not yet been reported.MethodsWe investigated the cross-sectional association between TTFC and prevalent COPD among 6,108 current smokers in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. COPD was defined as a self-reported diagnosis of emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or both. Current smokers in PLCO reported TTFC, the amount of time they typically waited before smoking their first cigarette of the day after waking, in four categories: ≤5, 6-30, 31-60, or >60 minutes. We used logistic regression models to investigate the association between TTFC and prevalent COPD with adjustments for age, gender, race, education, and smoking (cigarettes/day, years smoked during lifetime, pack-years, age at smoking initiation), and prior lung cancer diagnosis.ResultsCOPD was reported by 19% of these 6,108 smokers. Individuals with the shortest TTFC had the greatest risk of COPD; compared to those with the longest TTFC (>60 minutes) the adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for COPD were 1.48 (95% CI, 1.15-1.91), 1.64 (95% CI, 1.29-2.08), 2.18 (95% CI, 1.65-2.87) for those with TTFC 31-60 minutes, 6-30 minutes, and ≤5 minutes, respectively (P-trend <0.0001). The association between TTFC and emphysema was similar to that for bronchitis, albeit the ORs were slightly stronger for chronic bronchitis; comparing TTFC ≤5 minutes to >60 minutes, the adjusted OR (95% CI) was 2.29 (1.69-3.12) for emphysema and 2.99 (1.95-4.59) for chronic bronchitis.ConclusionsCurrent smokers with shorter TTFC have increased risk of COPD compared to those with longer TTFC, even after comprehensive adjustment for established smoking covariates. Future epidemiologic studies, including prospective designs, should incorporate TTFC to better assess disease risk and evaluate the potential utility of TTFC as a COPD screening tool for smokers in the clinical setting.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Time to First Morning Cigarette and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Smokers in the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial

Guertin

Wacholder

et al. 2015

PLoS ONE

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“…Previous research has documented that earlier TTFC is associated with a higher risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Goodwin et al, 2012; Selya et al, 2016) and smoking-related cancers (Gu et al, 2014; Ito et al, 2013; Kunze et al, 2007; Muscat et al, 2011a, 2012a, 2011b), independently of smoking behavior. The current study, to the authors’ knowledge, is the first to show that TTFC, a validated measure of ND (Fagerstrom, 2003), is associated with less favorable cholesterol profiles (especially low HDL).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That is, more nicotine-dependent smokers are at higher risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Goodwin et al, 2012; Selya et al, 2016), lung cancer (Gu et al, 2014; Ito et al, 2013; Kunze et al, 2007; Muscat et al, 2011a), and head, neck, and larynx cancers (Muscat et al, 2011b; Muscat et al, 2012). Importantly, these risks associated with higher ND remain even after accounting for previous smoking behavior; this underscores the necessity of examining the contribution of ND when evaluating the risk of smoking-related death and disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time to first cigarette and serum cholesterol levels

Selya¹,

Hesse²

2017

Social Science & Medicine

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Rationale Cigarette smoking is a primary cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, prior research has rarely distinguished smoking behavior from nicotine dependence. Objective The current study presents a novel investigation into whether time to first cigarette (TTFC), a reliable proxy for nicotine dependence, is associated with lipid cholesterol, a biomarker for CVD, after controlling for smoking behavior and other risk factors. Methods In total, 3903 current adult smokers were drawn from four consecutive cross-sectional waves (2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10, and 2011–12) of the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES). Weighted regressions were used to examine whether earlier TTFC is associated with differences in a) numeric values; b) guideline-based binary outcomes of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and the LDL/HDL ratio; and c) 10-year risk scores for CVD. Results Earlier TTFC (within 5, 30, or 60 min vs. >60 min) was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with lower HDL (2–3 mg/dL) and a lower odds ratio (OR = 0.70) of having optimal HDL levels, and a lower LDL/HDL ratio (0.14–0.32); these results were consistent across three models (unadjusted, adjusted for smoking behavior, and also adjusted for demographics and other CVD risk factors). Earlier TTFC was also associated (p < 0.05) with higher odds of having sub-optimal total cholesterol levels (OR = 1.55) and higher LDL values (8 mg/dL), but only in the models adjusting for smoking behavior. However, the association of TTFC with 10-year CVD risk scores did not reach significance (p > 0.05). Conclusion More “addicted” smokers, as indicated by earlier TTFC, have less favorable lipid profiles, even after accounting for current and lifetime smoking history and other CVD risk factors. Future research should further explore whether TTFC could be a useful tool for refining clinically significant CVD risk among smokers.

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“…For example, adolescent smokers often develop ND at low, even non-daily levels of smoking [ 2 – 4 ], and this predicts future smoking behavior even after accounting for prior smoking behavior [ 3 , 5 , 6 ], while other demographic groups show very low ND despite heavy smoking behavior [ 2 ]. Moreover, ND poses a higher risk than does smoking behavior alone for several other smoking-related health outcomes, including lung cancer [ 7 , 8 ], larynx cancer [ 9 ], head and neck cancer [ 10 ], and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [ 11 , 12 ]. A limited number of studies reported that asthma significantly increases the risk of both smoking behavior and ND [ 13 , 14 ]; however, the association between asthma and ND was not assessed independently of smoking behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Earlier smoking after waking and the risk of asthma: a cross-sectional study using NHANES data

2018

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BackgroundRecent research shows that nicotine dependence conveys additional health risks above and beyond smoking behavior. The current study examines whether smoking within 5 min of waking, an indicator of nicotine dependence, is independently associated with asthma outcomes.MethodsData were drawn from five pooled cross-sectional waves (2005–14) of NHANES, and the final sample consisted of N = 4081 current adult smokers. Weighted logistic regressions were run examining the relationship between smoking within 5 min of waking and outcomes of lifetime asthma, past-year asthma, and having had an asthma attack in the past year. Control variables included demographics, smoking behavior, family history of asthma, depression, obesity, and secondhand smoking exposure.ResultsAfter adjusting for smoking behavior, smoking within 5 min was associated with an approximately 50% increase in the odds of lifetime asthma (OR = 1.46, p = .008) and past-year asthma (OR = 1.47, p = .024), respectively. After additionally adjusting for demographics and other asthma risk factors, smoking within 5 min of waking was associated with a four-fold increase in the odds of lifetime asthma (OR = 4.05, p = .015).ConclusionsSmoking within 5 min of waking, an indicator of nicotine dependence, is associated with a significantly increased risk of lifetime asthma in smokers. These findings could be utilized in refining risk assessment of asthma among smokers.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12890-018-0672-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Lung cancer risk measured by the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence?

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Time to First Morning Cigarette and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Smokers in the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial

Time to First Morning Cigarette and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Smokers in the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial

Time to first cigarette and serum cholesterol levels

Earlier smoking after waking and the risk of asthma: a cross-sectional study using NHANES data

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