Lung cancer risk and the inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme; an updated review on recent evidence

Abstract

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has a significant act in the pathology of blood pressure and cancer. One of the dominant sections of angiotensin II (Ang II) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) expression generation in the human body is the capillary veins in the lung. Changes in the expression of RAAS were revealed to be included in several lung diseases. There are several studies on the anticancer effect of ACE inhibitors; however, Hicks and colleagues reported an augmented risk of 14% for advancing lung cancer for patients consuming ACE inhibitors against angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) administration. Several lines of evidence indicated that ARB users have a lower risk of tumor progression and metastasis and progression of lung cancer. This review has surveyed some studies about the study by Hicks et al with conflicting results. Some Hicks’s study limitations are summarized here such as genetic effects, comparative study, residual confounding factors such as smoking, detection bias owing to cough, and socio-economic status. It is suggested some natural alternatives to ACE Inhibitors in here.

The various role of microRNAs in breast cancer angiogenesis, with a special focus on novel miRNA-based delivery strategies

“…Quiescent vasculature, endothelial cell activation, sprout forming, vascular lumen formation, and new vessel stabilization are all stages in the vessel formation process [46][47][48]. Angiogenic factors, Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), presence of VEGF and Notch signaling pathway, activation of particular steroid hormone receptors, estrogen, progesterone, the family of tyrosine kinases (EGFR, HER1, HER2, HER3, HER4), breast cancer development, endothelial cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and hematogeneous spread (via the shaped vasculature) are all triggered by angiogenic mediators (Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-1(TIMP-1), Angiopoietin-2(Ang-2)) [49][50][51].…”

Mesenchymal stem cell-released oncolytic virus: an innovative strategy for cancer treatment

“…The interaction of tumor cells with healthy cells and the stroma in the TME is getting important since these interactions have a role in critical stages of tumor progression including angiogenesis, immunomodulatory, metastasis, invasion, and apoptotic resistance [ 113 , 228 , 229 ]. Moreover, reports have argued that MSCs enhance or suppress tumor growth and metastasis through a variety of mechanisms, including the secretion of soluble molecules that trigger or repress innate and adaptive immune responses, activate or reduce angiogenesis, and sustain the cancer stem cell environment [ 230 , 231 , 232 ].…”