Lung cancer and smoking trends in the United States over the past 25 years

Garfinkel, Lawrence; Silverberg, Edwin

doi:10.3322/canjclin.41.3.137

Cited by 74 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…IGFBP-3 and RXR ligands are additive in inducing apoptosis in cancer cells (Ahuja et al, 2003). (3) Bexarotene inhibited the growth and caused complete regression in 72% of NMU-induced rat mammary carcinomas (Gottardis et al, 1996). Owing to the very wide variety of gene expression changes associated with RXR agonists, it may be difficult to determine which gene changes are most important.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The late intervention, 16-28 weeks post VC, which we employed appears similar to potential phase II clinical trials where current or former smokers with pre-existing lesions would be examined. We believe that individuals with precancerous lesions of the lung with a high risk of developing lung adenocarcinomas could benefit from effective agent like bexarotene to inhibit their progression on the basis of results from preclinical studies and human clinical trials (Gottardis et al, 1996;Miller et al, 1997;Bischoff et al, 1999;Khuri et al, 2001;Zhang et al, 2004;Lubet et al, 2005). Bexarotene exhibited a 25% response rate with a better survival rates when combined with cisplatin and vinorelbine in the treatment of patients with non-small-cell lung cancers in a phase I/ II trial (Khuri et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of lung cancer is attributable to the use of tobacco products, tobacco smoking, and, in some cases, other environmental risk factors (Garfinkel and Silverberg, 1991;Sekido et al, 2003). Although the relative risk of developing lung cancer declines in smokers who quit, former smokers remain at risk for the disease (Garfinkel and Silverberg, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the isolation of these RXR receptors, a variety of synthetic agonists have been produced. Recent preclinical reports showed that the RXR-selective retinoids are highly effective at inhibiting the development of ER-positive or ER-negative mammary cancer (Gottardis et al, 1996;Wu et al, 2002) and they appear to be less toxic than the RAR-selective retinoids. Boehm et al (1994) developed the synthetic RXR agonist 4- [1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-2-naphtalenyl) propenyl] benzoic acid and it was named bexarotene (Targretin s , Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc.).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevention of lung cancer progression by bexarotene in mouse models

et al. 2005

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Bexarotene (Targretin s , Ligand Pharmaceuticals Inc.) is a synthetic high-affinity RXR receptor agonist with limited affinity for RAR receptors. Bexarotene has shown efficacy in a phase I/II trial of non-small-cell lung cancers. However, the chemopreventive efficacy of bexarotene has not been determined in mouse lung cancer models. In this study, we have investigated the ability of bexarotene to inhibit lung tumor progression in the mutant A/J mouse models with genetic alterations in p53 or K-ras, two of the most commonly altered genes in human lung tumorigenesis. Mice were administered vinyl carbamate (VC), a carcinogen, by a single intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) at 6 weeks of age. Bexarotene was given by gavage starting at 16 weeks after VC and was continued for 12 weeks. Although all mice developed lung tumors, only 7% of lung tumors were adenocarcinomas in wild-type mice, whereas 22 and 26% of lung tumors were adenocarcinomas in p53 transgenic or K-ras heterozygous deficient mice. Bexarotene inhibited both tumor multiplicity and tumor volume in mice of all three genotypes. Furthermore, bexarotene reduced the progression of adenoma to adenocarcinoma by B50% in both p53 wt/wt K-ras ko/wt and p53 wt/wt K-ras wt/wt mice. Thus, bexarotene appears to be an effective preventive agent against lung tumor growth and progression.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevention of lung cancer progression by bexarotene in mouse models

et al. 2005

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“…An increasing incidence has been documented for six decades, but it was only during the 1950s that epidemiological studies convincingly linked an increase in smoking, especially cigarette smoking, to the increasing death rate attributed to lung cancer [l]. The fact that the death rate recently has seemed to reach a plateau among men has been related to a decrease in cigarette smoking which began in 1965 following the first Surgeon General's Report [2]. The incidence continues to increase among women-perhaps, a tribute to the success of advertising campaigns devoted to encouraging smoking as an outward sign of progress-"you've come a long way, baby."…”

Section: Forewordmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lung cancer and other selected thoracic problems

Harvey¹,

Beattie²

1993

Seminars in Surgical Oncology

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Recent Developments in the Treatment of Lung Cancer

Lin

Ihde²

1992

JAMA

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A 45-year-old asymptomatic white man with a 60-pack-year history of cigarette abuse presented with an upper lobe pulmonary nodule apparent on the right side on a routine chest roentgenogram. Physical examination was unrevealing. Computed tomography demonstrated an irregular noncalcified mass suggestive of neoplasm. Results oftransbronchial biopsy were positive for adenocarcinoma. Evaluation for metastases, including a computed tomographic scan of the head, radionuclide bone scan, and serum liver function tests, yielded negative results. The patient subsequently underwent upper lobectomy of the right lung with curative intent and was pathologically staged as having stage I (T2N0)1 adenocarcinoma of the lung.The patient did well until 14 months after surgery, when he developed cough, dyspnea, and hemoptysis. A few days later, he noted a right-sided facial droop, clumsiness of the right hand, blurring of vision, and a severe headache. He presented in the emergency department, where physical examination revealed facial swelling, bilateral jugular venous distention, an engorged venous pattern over the upper part of the chest, bilat¬ eral papilledema, and right-sided cen¬ tral facial nerve paresis. A chest roentgenogram demonstrated a superior mediastinal mass on the right, and multiple enhancing lesions in bilateral cerebral and left cerebellar hemispheres were From the National noted on computed tomographic scan of the patient's head. A diagnosis of re¬ current lung cancer with superior vena cava syndrome and brain métastases was made. Irradiation to the thorax and brain and dexamethasone were ad¬ ministered, which provided symptom¬ atic relief. However, 2 months later, severe hip and shoulder pain oc¬ curred, and lytic bone lesions were documented in the acetabulum and scapula. Despite further radiother¬ apy, followed by treatment with com¬ bination chemotherapy with etoposide and cisplatin, the patient died 5 months after initial tumor recurrence. COMMENTLung cancer continues to occur in ep¬ idemic proportions in the United States. According to American Cancer Society estimates for 1991,2 it is the second most common cancer among men and women combined. It is second only to prostate cancer as the most frequently occurring cancer in men and trails only breast and colorectal malignancies in women. Fur¬ thermore, because it is seldom diagnosed early, when prospects for cure are high, lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in both men and women.2The cause of this epidemic is not mys¬ terious. About 95% of lung cancers in men and 80% to 85% of lung cancers in women result from cigarette smoking, as was almost certainly true in the pa¬ tient whose case history was just de¬ scribed. There is a dose-dependent re¬ lationship between the degree of ciga¬ rette abuse and relative risk of death from lung cancer, which in prospective epidemiologie studies has increased up to 25-fold for men who smoke 25 to 40 cigarettes per day compared with ne versmokers.3 Both cigarette consumption per capita and the percentage o...

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Lung cancer and smoking trends in the United States over the past 25 years

Cited by 74 publications

References 5 publications

Prevention of lung cancer progression by bexarotene in mouse models

Prevention of lung cancer progression by bexarotene in mouse models

Lung cancer and other selected thoracic problems

Recent Developments in the Treatment of Lung Cancer

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