Lunar-Mars Life Support Test Project Phase III Water Recovery System Operation and Results

Pickering, Karen D.; Edeen, Marybeth A.

doi:10.4271/981707

Cited by 25 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Two classes of nitrogen compounds were considered. The first class includes nitrogen compounds that are typical in wastewater ( , ). These include organic creatine and urea as well as ionic ammonium (NH 4 Cl), nitrate (NaNO 3 ), and nitrite (NaNO 2 ).…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Membrane Rejection of Nitrogen Compounds

Lee

Lueptow

2001

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Rejection characteristics of nitrogen compounds were examined for reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and low-pressure reverse osmosis membranes. The rejection of nitrogen compounds is explained by integrating experimental results with calculations using the extended Nernst-Planck model coupled with a steric hindrance model. The molecular weight and chemical structure of nitrogen compounds appear to be less important in determining rejection than electrostatic properties. The rejection is greatest when the Donnan potential exceeds 0.05 V or when the ratio of the solute radius to the pore radius is greater than 0.8. The transport of solute in the pore is dominated by diffusion, although convective transport is significant for organic nitrogen compounds. Electromigration contributes negligibly to the overall solute transport in the membrane. Urea, a small organic compound, has lower rejection than ionic compounds such as ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite, indicating the critical role of electrostatic interaction in rejection. This suggests that better treatment efficiency for organic nitrogen compounds can be obtained after ammonification of urea.

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Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, environmental legislation requires the removal of nitrogen compounds from most wastewater ( , ). Furthermore, water reuse necessitates the removal of nitrogen compounds ( − ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Membrane Rejection of Nitrogen Compounds

Lee

Lueptow

2001

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Biologic treatment options can also be considered to determine the optimal combination of techniques for water purification on Mars. 55 , 61 , 62 Although the kinetics of biological processes are typically lower (hours to days) compared with physical or chemical processes (seconds to minutes), biological processes are capable of auto-regeneration and may provide a sustainable purification system within a bioreactor on Mars. Bioreactors have become common practice on the Earth 63 and can consist of aerobic, anaerobic, or phototrophic systems.…”

Section: In Situ Resource Utilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mission Architecture Using the SpaceX Starship Vehicle to Enable a Sustained Human Presence on Mars

Heldmann

Marinova²,

Lim

et al. 2022

New Space

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A main goal of human space exploration is to develop humanity into a multi-planet species where civilization extends beyond planet Earth. Establishing a self-sustaining human presence on Mars is key to achieving this goal. In situ resource utilization (ISRU) on Mars is a critical component to enabling humans on Mars to both establish long-term outposts and become self-reliant. This article focuses on a mission architecture using the SpaceX Starship as cargo and crew vehicles for the journey to Mars. The first Starships flown to Mars will be uncrewed and will provide unprecedented opportunities to deliver ∼100 metric tons of cargo to the martian surface per mission and conduct robotic precursor work to enable a sustained and self-reliant human presence on Mars. We propose that the highest priority activities for early uncrewed Starships include pre-placement of supplies, developing infrastructure, testing of key technologies, and conducting resource prospecting to map and characterize water ice for future ISRU purposes.

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