(28 -30, 49). We have demonstrated that in kidney intercalated cells and in epididymal clear cells, which share a common developmental origin in the Wolffian duct, the V-ATPase redistributes from the apical membrane to the cytosol with stimulation of the metabolic sensor AMPK (16,18). In our previous studies we first identified the V-ATPase A subunit as an AMPK substrate using the unbiased "MudSeeK" proteomic screening method and subsequently showed that the V-ATPase A subunit is phosphorylated directly by AMPK in kidney cells (18,52). AMPK is an important cell energy-sensing kinase that has been shown to downregulate several kidney membrane transport proteins (17,39). We have shown that AMPK reduces apical V-ATPase accumulation acutely in kidney intercalated cells, and that AMPK activation antagonizes the ability of PKA to increase V-ATPase localization at the apical pole of type A intercalated cells (16).Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and PKA are additional kinases that regulate the function of the V-ATPase in the mammalian kidney (16,41,43). PKA agonists also regulate the V-ATPase in other animal models (42, 54). However, it was not until recently that work by our group linked the direct phosphorylation of the V-ATPase by PKA at Ser-175 to increases in V-ATPase plasma membrane activity in mammalian cells (2). Ser-175 A subunit phosphorylation is likely to occur downstream of acid-base-sensing pathways, which require the presence of active carbonic anhydrase, the soluble