Luminal Bacteria and Small-Intestinal Permeability

Riordan, Stephen M.; McIver, Christopher J.; Thomas, David Hurst; Duncombe, V. M.; Bolin, T. D.; Thomas, M.

doi:10.3109/00365529709025099

Cited by 90 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…This �ight be �ediated by a decrease in the intestinal bacterial burden, which subsequently results in a reduction of bac� terial translocation and alcoholic steatohe�atitis. Further� �ore, in non�cirrhotic �atients that have s�all�intestinal bacterial overgrowth with colonic flora, increased intesti� nal �er�eability has been observed [51] .…”

Section: Microfloramentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial translocation and changes in the intestinal microbiome associated with alcoholic liver disease

Yan¹

2012

WJH

100

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Alcoholic liver disease progresses through several stages of tissue damage, from simple steatosis to alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis, or cirrhosis. Alcohol also affects the intestine, increases intestinal permeability and changes the bacterial microflora. Liver disease severity correlates with levels of systemic bacterial products in patients, and experimental alcoholic liver disease is dependent on gut derived bacterial products in mice. Supporting evidence for the importance of bacterial translocation comes from animal studies demonstrating that intestinal decontamination is associated with decreased liver fibrogenesis. In addition, mice with a gene mutation or deletion encoding receptors for either bacterial products or signaling molecules downstream from these receptors, are resistant to alcohol-induced liver disease. Despite this strong association, the exact molecular mechanism of bacterial translocation and of how changes in the intestinal microbiome contribute to liver disease progression remains largely unknown. In this review we will summarize evidence for bacterial translocation and enteric microbial changes in response to alcoholic liver injury and chronic alcoholic liver disease. We will further describe consequences of intestinal dysbiosis on host biology. We finally discuss how therapeutic interventions may modify the gastrointestinal microflora and prevent or reduce alcoholic liver disease progression

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Section: Microfloramentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial translocation and changes in the intestinal microbiome associated with alcoholic liver disease

Yan¹

2012

WJH

100

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“…Increased paracellular permeability has been observed in a number of gastrointestinal disorders, including MC, and is considered a key component in the induction of diarrhea [18]. Interestingly, elevated numbers of small intestinal bacteria have been linked to significant increases in small intestinal permeability [19], potentially associating these two distinct effects of PPIs.…”

Section: Proteins Other Than Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy in the Distal Gut: Putting the Pieces Together

Keszthelyi

Masclee

2012

Dig Dis Sci

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“…Its beneficial effect on NSAID enteropathy is, therefore, likely to be due to the antibacterial action. In this connection, an elegant study [245] with microbiological cultures of luminal aspirates was able to show that small intestinal permeability is increased in subjects with SIBO. This finding can easily explain how antibacterial agents, by correcting SIBO, could counterbalance intestinal permeability changes which set in motion a series of pathophysiological events leading to gross lesion formation.…”

Section: Prevention Of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug-induced Enmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rifaximin, a Poorly Absorbed Antibiotic: Pharmacology and Clinical Potential

2005

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Rifaximin (4-deoxy-4′-methylpyrido[1′,2′-1,2]imidazo- [5,4-c]-rifamycin SV) is a synthetic antibiotic designed to modify the parent compound, rifamycin, in order to achieve low gastrointestinal (GI) absorption while retaining good antibacterial activity. Both experimental and clinical pharmacology clearly show that this compound is a nonsystemic antibiotic with a broad spectrum of antibacterial action covering Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, both aerobes and anaerobes. Being virtually nonabsorbed, its bioavailability within the GI tract is rather high with intraluminal and fecal drug concentrations that largely exceed the minimal inhibitory concentration values observed in vitro against a wide range of pathogenic organisms. The GI tract represents, therefore, the primary therapeutic target and GI infections the main indication. The appreciation of the pathogenic role of gut bacteria in several organic and functional GI diseases has increasingly broadened its clinical use, which is now extended to hepatic encephalopathy, small intestine bacterial overgrowth, inflammatory bowel disease and colonic diverticular disease. Potential indications include the irritable bowel syndrome and chronic constipation, Clostridium difficile infection and bowel preparation before colorectal surgery. Because of its antibacterial activity against the microorganism and the lack of strains with primary resistance, some preliminary studies have explored the rifaximin potential for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Oral administration of this drug, by getting rid of enteric bacteria, could also be employed to achieve selective bowel decontamination in acute pancreatitis, liver cirrhosis (thus preventing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use (lessening in that way NSAID enteropathy). This antibiotic has, therefore, little value outside the enteric area and this will minimize both antimicrobial resistance and systemic adverse events. Indeed, the drug proved to be safe in all patient populations, including young children. Although rifaximin has stood the test of time, it still attracts the attention of both basic scientists and clinicians. As a matter of fact, with the advancement of the knowledge on microbial-gut interactions in health and disease novel indications and new drug regimens are being explored. Besides widening the clinical use, the research on rifaximin is also focused on the synthesis of new derivatives and on the development of original formulations designed to expand the spectrum of its clinical use.

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Luminal Bacteria and Small-Intestinal Permeability

Cited by 90 publications

References 34 publications

Bacterial translocation and changes in the intestinal microbiome associated with alcoholic liver disease

Bacterial translocation and changes in the intestinal microbiome associated with alcoholic liver disease

Effects of Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy in the Distal Gut: Putting the Pieces Together

Rifaximin, a Poorly Absorbed Antibiotic: Pharmacology and Clinical Potential

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