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“…Neutral money is the idea that "the money required to make indirect exchange possible has no influence on relative prices" (Hayek 1976, p. 87). The idea of neutral money goes back to Wicksell and is the backbone of monetary analysis which works with notions like the aggregate demand for money (Bilo 2018). Within our model, money is not neutral in the out-of-equilibrium phase because firms' production decisions depend on the availability of working capital.…”
Section: Definition 1 a General Equilibrium Of The Economymentioning
Empirical evidence shows monetary shocks have two temporary effects on the distribution of prices. One, the dispersion of cross-section of prices increases in response to monetary shocks. Two, some prices change in the 'wrong' direction: some prices decrease in response to positive monetary shocks, and increase in response to negative monetary shocks. We present a model that generates the two effects of monetary shocks on the distribution of prices as an out-of-equilibrium phenomena. Firms are related to each other through a production network. Monetary shocks change the working capital of a subset of firms and percolate to other firms through buyer-seller linkages. Price dispersion increases because the percolation of a monetary shock through the production network causes prices to differentially deviate from their steady state values. Some prices change in the wrong direction because a shift in one firm's demand causes a shift in another firm's supply (and vice-versa), thereby generating complicated chains of bi-directional price changes. Monetary shocks can significantly disturb relative prices even when all prices are fully flexible.
“…Neutral money is the idea that "the money required to make indirect exchange possible has no influence on relative prices" (Hayek 1976, p. 87). The idea of neutral money goes back to Wicksell and is the backbone of monetary analysis which works with notions like the aggregate demand for money (Bilo 2018). Within our model, money is not neutral in the out-of-equilibrium phase because firms' production decisions depend on the availability of working capital.…”
Section: Definition 1 a General Equilibrium Of The Economymentioning
Empirical evidence shows monetary shocks have two temporary effects on the distribution of prices. One, the dispersion of cross-section of prices increases in response to monetary shocks. Two, some prices change in the 'wrong' direction: some prices decrease in response to positive monetary shocks, and increase in response to negative monetary shocks. We present a model that generates the two effects of monetary shocks on the distribution of prices as an out-of-equilibrium phenomena. Firms are related to each other through a production network. Monetary shocks change the working capital of a subset of firms and percolate to other firms through buyer-seller linkages. Price dispersion increases because the percolation of a monetary shock through the production network causes prices to differentially deviate from their steady state values. Some prices change in the wrong direction because a shift in one firm's demand causes a shift in another firm's supply (and vice-versa), thereby generating complicated chains of bi-directional price changes. Monetary shocks can significantly disturb relative prices even when all prices are fully flexible.
We consider the essential features of an Austrian macroeconomic model and then ask whether these features are unique. We argue that the temporal aspect of the structure of production is not an essential feature. Malinvestments in any dimension (e.g., time, geography, type, etc.) can generate the predicted boom-bust cycle so long as there are costs to reallocation. However, the view that nominal shocks have long-term consequences because costs are incurred to remedy past mistakes is not uniquely Austrian. In particular, we note similarities with the New Keynesian notion of hysteresis.
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