Lubricating Properties of Oil-In-Water Emulsions

Kimura, Yuuji; Okada, Kanzo

doi:10.1080/10402008908981921

Cited by 72 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…10. This theory was first proposed by Sakaguchi and Wilson [172] and later refined by Wilson et al [210] and independently developed by Kimura and Okada [112,113]. Cassarini et al [35] and Montmitonnet et al [135] have developed additional aspects of emulsion behavior based on this approach, including emulsion supply issues.…”

Section: Dynamic Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmentally benign tribo-systems for metal forming

et al. 2010

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The growing awareness of environmental issues and the requirements to establish solutions diminishing the impact on working environment as well as external environment has initiated ever increasing efforts to develop new, environmentally benign tribological systems for metal forming. The present paper gives an overview of these efforts substituting environmentally hazardous lubricants in cold, warm and hot forging as well as sheet forming and punching/blanking by new, less harmful lubricants and furthermore describes other more generic measures directed towards the same goal such as development of anti-seizure tool materials and coatings and application of structured workpiece and tool surfaces.

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Section: Dynamic Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The value of the plate-out theory is clear for low-speed conditions. Using a plate-out rationale, the ability of oil particles to wet a surface is important [40,113,215], and it has been suggested that emulsions should be designed with controlled instability to guarantee full plate-out onto surfaces [126]. …”

Section: Plate-outmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmentally benign tribo-systems for metal forming

et al. 2010

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“…This work was restricted by the limitations of the experimental technique used, which was unable to detect films thinner than 40 nm. Kimura and Okada [2] introduced the concept of displacement energy (DE). This measures the ability of the oil droplets to displace water from the surface and thus to form oil films in the contact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This behaviour was attributed to the concentration of the oil phase around the contact forming a 'plated-out' oil pool that supplies lubricant into the inlet conjunction. The replenishment of this oil reservoir seems to be due to the flowback of oil from the out-of-contact track driven by surface tension [8] and, in this way, the ability of oil droplets to wet the surfaces may be the controlling mechanism [2][3][4][5][6]. The presence of this plated-out film has been traditionally related to the stability of O/W emulsions with the general rule that less stable emulsions tend to form more stable oil pools.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of emulsifier concentration on the lubricating properties of oil-in-water emulsions

et al. 2006

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Although the use of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions as metalworking fluids is widespread, the mechanisms of emulsion lubrication are not yet well understood. Several theories have been proposed but there is not a clear agreement about the effect of different operating conditions and emulsion properties on the lubricating performance of O/W emulsions. In the present study, the film forming ability of O/W emulsions as a function of emulsifier concentration is studied. The emulsifier content exerts a strong influence on all the emulsion properties, such as stability, droplet size distribution, surface and interfacial tension, wetting ability, etc., as well as on the lubricating behaviour, so it has been used to ascertain the relationship between all the properties involved. Three different emulsifiers-anionic, nonionic and cationic-were used at different concentrations in the design of lubricant O/W emulsions. Experimental results show that the work of adhesion of oil droplets on the metal surface is a valuable parameter to predict the ability of emulsions to form thick films in elastohydrodynamic (EHD) contacts. The influence of pH value of O/W emulsions on their lubricating behaviour is also verified. The overall conclusion is that the interactions between metal and oil droplets rule the mechanism of lubrication and that this interaction is primarily controlled by emulsifier concentration.

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“…The emulsion films have been found to collapse to a relatively low thickness at a critical speed after a rise in the film thickness [69]. Kimura and Okada [79,80] studied the influence of the emulsifier type on the film formation of emulsions under a line contact. Film formation is significantly influenced by the oil concentration, emulsifier concentration and type [81].…”

Section: Lubrication Behaviors Of Aqueous Liquids In Confinementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in experimental study of aqueous lubrication

Zhang

Liu

2012

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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Aqueous lubrication is commonly regarded as friendly to the environment. We review current knowledge of the behaviors and mechanisms of aqueous lubrication. Major methods for investigating aqueous lubrication are addressed. We describe studies on both friction and film formation performance of various water-based lubricants. Additionally, we discuss possible underlying mechanisms of aqueous lubrication. Attention is also drawn to continuing topics of investigation and some unsolved problems. [20][21][22], and aqueous lubrication [23][24][25]. Aqueous solutions are drawing attention because of their ecological advantages, fire-resistance, high thermal conductivity, nontoxicity, accessibility, biodegradability, environmental friendliness, and good solvency. However, water-based solutions have several disadvantages as lubricants, such as corrosiveness, vaporization and non-viscosity [26,27]. In the past several decades, aqueous fluids have been extensively used as lubricants in metal working processes, food processing, biological systems etc. Since petroleum will be exhausted within 50 years, aqueous fluids will have wide application in many industrial fields. Thus, research on aqueous fluids has become an important branch of tribology. Use of water-based lubrication in engineering can be traced back to about 2400 BC, when people used water as a lubricant in transporting statues in Egypt [28]. Meanwhile, water-based liquids have always been excellent lubricants in mammalian joints such as knees or hips, with friction coefficients μ< 0.002 [29,30]. Till now this ultra-low friction has not been well emulated in human-made aqueous systems. In contrast to oils and organic solvents, water has many unique properties due to the polarity of its molecules, which makes aqueous lubrication much more complicated than traditional lubrication with oils.Many studies have revealed both the characteristics and mechanisms of aqueous lubricants, with a wide variety of dimensions, conditions and application areas. In spite of the great efforts of both experimentalists and theorists, the study of aqueous lubrication still faces big challenges. As mentioned above, human-made systems seldom emulate natural lubrication well enough for practical use. Major efforts have been made to reduce the friction force of aqueous solutions between two solid surfaces and enhance the film formation ability at the same time. Nanotechnology has made much progress in revealing the underlying mechanisms and behaviors of materials at the nanometer-scale, especially the behaviors of atoms and molecules [31][32][33]. However, the mechanisms of aqueous lubrication are still not well known because of the diversity and complexity of aqueous solutions. This paper presents a general review of research on aqueous lubrication.

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Lubricating Properties of Oil-In-Water Emulsions

Cited by 72 publications

References 5 publications

Environmentally benign tribo-systems for metal forming

Environmentally benign tribo-systems for metal forming

The effect of emulsifier concentration on the lubricating properties of oil-in-water emulsions

Progress in experimental study of aqueous lubrication

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