Lubricants and Additives: A Point of View

Baderna, Diego; Boriani, Elena; Giovanna, Fabio Dalla; Benfenati, Emilio

doi:10.1007/698_2011_99

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 11 publications

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“…The negative spectra of dust-EC particles featured strong sulfate signals at 97 HSO 4 − and minor nitrate signals at 46 NO 2 − and 62 NO 3 − . Calcium was a typical detergent additive used in vehicular lubricants to neutralize acidic combustion by-products, including calcium carbonate and calcium sulfonate ( Baderna et al, 2012 ; Shields, Suess & Prather, 2007 ). This suggests that the dust-EC particles were from fossil fuel combustion by local emission and EC particles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient particle characteristics by single particle aerosol mass spectrometry at a coastal site in Hong Kong: a case study affected by the sea-land breeze

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2022

PeerJ

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The sea-land breeze (SLB) circulation plays a vital role in the transport of atmospheric pollutants in coastal cities. In this study, a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) and combined bulk aerosol instruments were deployed to investigate the ambient particle characteristic at a suburban coastal site in Hong Kong from February 22 to March 10, 2013. Significant SLB circulations were captured from March 6–10, 2013, during the campaign. During the SLB periods, air quality worsened, with PM2.5 concentrations reaching a peak of 55.6 μg m−3 and an average value of 42.8 ± 4.5 μg m−3. A total of 235,894 particles were measured during the SLB stage. Eight major sources were identified by investigating the mixing states of the total particles, including the coal-burning related particles (48.1%), biomass burning particles (6.7%), vehicle emission-related particles (16.4%), sea salt (9.2%), ship emission particles (2.7%), dust/steeling industries (3.7%), waste incineration (6.3%), and road dust (3.9%). It was noteworthy that the PM2.5 concentrations and particle numbers increased sharply during the transition of land wind to the sea breeze. Meanwhile, the continental sourced pollutants recirculated back to land resulting in a cumulative increase in pollutants. Both individual and bulk measurements support the above results, with high contributions from coal burning, biomass burning, bulk K+, and NO3−, which were probably from the regional transportation from the nearby area. In contrast, the ship and vehicle emissions increased during the SLB period, with a high sulfate concentration partially originating from the ship emission. In this study, field evidence of continental-source pollutants backflow to land with the evolution of sea breeze was observed and helped our current understanding of the effect of SLB on air quality in the coastal city.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%