Lubricant Effects on Articular Cartilage Sliding Biomechanics Under Physiological Fluid Load Support

Farnham, Margot S.; Ortved, Kyla F.; Horner, Jeffrey S.; Wagner, Norman J.; Burris, David L.; Price, Christopher

doi:10.1007/s11249-021-01430-0

Cited by 11 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Other authors also previously agreed that loading of a cartilage pin against a glass plate drives unmitigated IFP loss during motion, leading to increased friction. 5,18 Interestingly, the opposite finding was observed in our tests with the severely degenerated group. Here, reduced friction might be attributable to an increased fluid exudation-aided lubrication between the cartilage pin and the glass surface.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

“…In our C/G tribosystem, we found an increase of friction over time for the mildly degenerated samples, because the CoF at the end of the test ( µ end ) was higher than at the beginning ( µ 0 ). Other authors also previously agreed that loading of a cartilage pin against a glass plate drives unmitigated IFP loss during motion, leading to increased friction 5,18 . Interestingly, the opposite finding was observed in our tests with the severely degenerated group.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

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Impact of degeneration and material pairings on cartilage friction: Cartilage versus glass

de Roy,

Schlickenrieder,

Rüger

et al. 2023

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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The association of knee joint osteoarthritis and altered frictional properties of the degenerated cartilage remains ambiguous, because previous in vitro studies did not consider the characteristic loads and velocities during gait. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify the friction behavior of degenerated human cartilage under characteristic stance and swing phase conditions. A dynamic pin‐on‐plate tribometer was used to test the tribological systems of cartilage against cartilage and cartilage against glass, both with synthetic synovial fluid as lubricant. Using the International Cartilage Repair Society classification, the cartilage samples were assigned to a mildly or a severely degenerated group before testing. Friction coefficients were calculated under stance and swing phase conditions at the beginning of the test and after 600 s of testing. The most important finding of this study is that cartilage against glass couplings displayed significantly higher friction for the severely degenerated samples compared to the mildly degenerated ones, whereas cartilage against cartilage couplings only indicated slight tendencies under the observed test conditions. Consequently, care should be taken when transferring in vitro findings from cartilage against cartilage couplings to predict the friction behavior in vivo. Therefore, we recommend in vitro tribological testing methods which account for gait‐like loading conditions and to replicate physiological material pairings, particularly in preclinical medical device validation studies.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Impact of degeneration and material pairings on cartilage friction: Cartilage versus glass

de Roy,

Schlickenrieder,

Rüger

et al. 2023

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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“…4,39 However, the current state of research applies a reductionist approach to discern between three modes of MCA, cSCA, and SCA tribological rehydration. 14,100 Studies using a hard impermeable counterface (i.e., glass, PEEK) show that during sustained sliding MCA and cSCA cartilage conditions, friction can remain consistently as low as μ ∼ 0.03 as a result of maintaining low cartilage strain and high interstitial fluid pressurization (eq 1). 39,40 MCA cartilage on glass exhibits low CoF values of 0.01−0.07 between speed ranges of 0.05 and 4.5 mm/s, maintaining a fluid load support of W t F ( ) Z f ∼ 0.85−0.9.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The variability in cartilage strain recovery, indicated by a standard deviation range of ±0.11−2.37%, aligns with findings from prior studies exploring tribological rehydration-induced strain recovery in bovine cartilage. 76,77 This observed strain error represents the inherent mechanical, poroviscoelastic, and thickness variations in cartilage samples harvested across a range of bovine specimens and patellofemoral locations. 78 The observation of strain recovery and subsequent cartilage rehydration increasing with sliding speed demonstrated consistency across all compressive stresses applied to the cartilage, quantified as ε c = 26.1 ± 1.3, 42.0 ± 1.4, and 51.8 ± 3.0% for the 10, 30, and 90 N load conditions, respectively, as summarized in Table 1.…”

Section: Spmk-g-peekmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brushing Up on Cartilage Lubrication: Polyelectrolyte-Enhanced Tribological Rehydration

Elkington,

Hall,

Beadling

et al. 2024

Langmuir

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This study presents new insights into the potential role of polyelectrolyte interfaces in regulating low friction and interstitial fluid pressurization of cartilage. Polymer brushes composed of hydrophilic 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt (SPMK) tethered to a PEEK substrate (SPMK-g-PEEK) are a compelling biomimetic solution for interfacing with cartilage, inspired by the natural lubricating biopolyelectrolyte constituents of synovial fluid. These SPMK-g-PEEK surfaces exhibit a hydrated compliant layer approximately 5 μm thick, demonstrating the ability to maintain low friction coefficients (μ ∼ 0.01) across a wide speed range (0.1−200 mm/s) under physiological loads (0.75−1.2 MPa). A novel polyelectrolyte-enhanced tribological rehydration mechanism is elucidated, capable of recovering up to ∼12% cartilage strain and subsequently facilitating cartilage interstitial fluid recovery, under loads ranging from 0.25 to 2.21 MPa. This is attributed to the combined effects of fluid confinement within the contact gap and the enhanced elastohydrodynamic behavior of polymer brushes. Contrary to conventional theories that emphasize interstitial fluid pressurization in regulating cartilage lubrication, this work demonstrates that SPMK-g-PEEK's frictional behavior with cartilage is independent of these factors and provides unabating aqueous lubrication. Polyelectrolyte-enhanced tribological rehydration can occur within a static contact area and operates independently of known mechanisms of cartilage interstitial fluid recovery established for converging or migrating cartilage contacts. These findings challenge existing paradigms, proposing a novel polyelectrolyte−cartilage tribological mechanism not exclusively reliant on interstitial fluid pressurization or cartilage contact geometry. The implications of this research extend to a broader understanding of synovial joint lubrication, offering insights into the development of joint replacement materials that more accurately replicate the natural functionality of cartilage.

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“…[623]. Furthermore, a single, often simplified, loading and motion were applied, while the importance of considering more realistic combined inputs was recognized [624]. A number of studies discussed in this section investigated cartilage and synovial fluid separately, often with simplified configurations of cartilage samples which may not truly reflect the lubrication mechanism in the whole synovial joint system.…”

Section: Natural Synovial Joints and Artificial Joint Replacementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of advances in tribology in 2020–2021

Meng

et al. 2022

Friction

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Around 1,000 peer-reviewed papers were selected from 3,450 articles published during 2020–2021, and reviewed as the representative advances in tribology research worldwide. The survey highlights the development in lubrication, wear and surface engineering, biotribology, high temperature tribology, and computational tribology, providing a show window of the achievements of recent fundamental and application researches in the field of tribology.

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Lubricant Effects on Articular Cartilage Sliding Biomechanics Under Physiological Fluid Load Support

Cited by 11 publications

References 83 publications

Impact of degeneration and material pairings on cartilage friction: Cartilage versus glass

Impact of degeneration and material pairings on cartilage friction: Cartilage versus glass

Brushing Up on Cartilage Lubrication: Polyelectrolyte-Enhanced Tribological Rehydration

A review of advances in tribology in 2020–2021

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