&lt;title&gt;Upgradable sensing systems for the oil and gas industry&lt;/title&gt;

Kluth, E.L.E.; Varnham, M.P.; Clowes, John; Kutlik, Roy

doi:10.1117/12.372967

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…If we let J= the flux of water, D= the diffusivity and t7u=the chemical potential gradient then J=-DVt. (1) The chemical potential is defmed as the partial molar free energy…”

Section: Diffusion Of Water Into Optical Fibers At Elevated Temperatumentioning

confidence: 99%

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<title>Diffusion of water in optical fibers at elevated temperature and pressure</title>

Pickrell

Duan

et al. 2002

SPIE Proceedings

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Optical fibers are being used in an increasingly wider range of applications, some of which involve elevated temperature and pressure in the presence of water. Measurements of the penetration rate of water into optical fibers at elevated temperature (300°C) and pressure (1440 psi) is presented for standard communication grade silica fiber and for "protected" fibers. The penetration rate was monitored in-situ using a broadband light source and an optical spectrum analyzer to measure the change in absorption over the spectral range from 400 to 1 700 nm. Methods to protect the optical fibers from water penetration were also evaluated in the elevated temperature and pressure environment. Stress corrosion cracking data for fibers exposed to air at room temperature and pressure as well as "dry" and "wet" fiber treatments is also presented in terms of time to failure versus bend radius for selected environmental conditions. Effect of chemical treatments on the time to failure at fixed bend radius both for pre-water and post-water exposure is presented.

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“…If we let J= the flux of water, D= the diffusivity and t7u=the chemical potential gradient then J=-DVt. (1) The chemical potential is defmed as the partial molar free energy…”

Section: Diffusion Of Water Into Optical Fibers At Elevated Temperatumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1,2,3,4] This drift has been attributed to the penetration of water molecules into the glass structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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<title>Diffusion of water in optical fibers at elevated temperature and pressure</title>

Pickrell

Duan

et al. 2002

SPIE Proceedings

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“…At present, the two parameters are measured mainly in electronic approaches, the high failure rate caused by their intrinsic electrical properties becomes the main issue for the applications especially in deeper offshore well bores with higher temperature and higher pressure [1,2] . Compared with the electrical sensors, fiber-optic sensors with advantages as immune to electromagnetic interference(EMI), high reliability, high temperature performance(>300 °C), easy to be multiplexed, are the most ideal candidates for this special applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pressure and temperature sensing system based on fiber optic Bragg gratings for the oil and gas downhole

Zhang

Wei-ping

et al. 2004

SPIE Proceedings

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A pressure and temperature sensing system based on fiber-optic Bragg grating sensors for the oil and gas downhole is reported in this paper, the weak pressure sensitivity is enhanced and the cross-sensitivity of temperature and pressure measurands is overcome by an optimally designed mechanical enhancing and compensating structure, the working principle, experimental setup and testing results are also given.

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Current State of Methods and Means of Registration of High Temperatures and Mechanical Stresses in Structures

Belovolov¹,

Kozelskaya²,

Budadin³

et al. 2020

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An analytical review of physically possible methods and available achievements in registering hydrostatic pressure or mechanical stresses using fiber optic fibers and sensors based on them based on published works that can be used in harsh environmental conditions is carried out. The results of the review show that fully distributed or quasidistributed fiber-optic systems for recording hydrostatic pressure or mechanical stress can be implemented on the following physical principles and apparatus with measures to compensate or suppress the influence of temperature: polarizing sensors on birefringent single- mode light guides and OTDR equipment; micro-flexible sensors with OTDR equipment on conventional multimode fibers; measuring systems on fiber Bragg gratings; on discrete sensors, in particular, on sealed fiber Fabry–Perot interferometers; Brillouin distributed sensors on single-mode fibers that are not sensitive to temperature changes. It is shown that single-mode birefringent fibers with hollow holes in the shell and fiber Bragg gratings written in the core have a good linear sensitivity to hydrostatic pressure and a weak dependence on temperature. Lattices in phosphorous-containing single-mode light guides have increased high-temperature properties up to ~500 C and higher. A number of discrete fiber sensors’ structures and pressure recorders are investigated. Various structures of sensitive elements of pressure sensors on sealed fiber Fabry–Perot interferometers and fiber gratings in spherical and cylindrical small-sized cases are investigated. Sensors based on Fabry–Perot fiber interferometers soldered into a glass capillary and protected from water by external high-temperature hermetic coatings showed good linearity in the pressure range of 0…540 ATM at temperatures up to ~200 C. The sensors are efficient at temperatures up to 600 °C and are promising for use in severe and special external conditions. The possibility of compensating the temperature sensitivity by selecting external coatings is shown. Pressure sensors were tested on local areas with microbends and it was shown that they can measure pressures up to ~24 МPа at temperatures up to ~450 C, but to compensate for the dependence of the readings on temperature, it must be measured by an independent sensor. The possibility of independent and simultaneous measurement of hydrostatic pressure and temperature along a single fiber using spontaneous Brillouin scattering is shown. Pressure is measured by the frequency shift of Brillouin scattering, and temperature by its intensity. The operation of the Brillouin recorder in the pressure range 0…34 MРа is demonstrated. The pressure resolution was ~0,2 МРа. New methods are proposed for detecting Brillouin scattering – a heterodyne signal with a high signal-to-noise ratio and based on frequency modulation of a semiconductor single-frequency distributed feedback laser. The measurement range has been increased by more than 10 km and the coordinate resolution has been increased. The Brillouin scattering method is promising for creating distributed systems for measuring hydrostatic pressure or mechanical stress for severe physical conditions, including temperatures of ≥3000 C.

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<title>Upgradable sensing systems for the oil and gas industry</title>

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

<title>Diffusion of water in optical fibers at elevated temperature and pressure</title>

<title>Diffusion of water in optical fibers at elevated temperature and pressure</title>

Pressure and temperature sensing system based on fiber optic Bragg gratings for the oil and gas downhole

Current State of Methods and Means of Registration of High Temperatures and Mechanical Stresses in Structures

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