<title>Stereo image watermarking scheme based on discrete wavelet transform and adaptive disparity estimation</title>

Abstract

In this paper, a new stereo image watermarking scheme using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and adaptive disparity estimation is proposed. First, a watermark data is embedded into the right image of a stereo image pair by using the conventional DWT operation. Here, the right image is decomposed into three-level by DWT and then the watermark is embedded into DWT coefficients using the characteristics of the human visual system. Second, the disparity data is extracted by using the watermarked right image and the left image. And then, both of this extracted disparity data and the left image are transmitted to the recipient through the communication channel. At the receiver, the watermarked right image is reconstructed from the received left image and disparity data by use of the adaptive matching algorithm. Basing on the difference between the discrete wavelet-transformed watermarked image and original right image, the embedded watermark image can be extracted from this reconstructed right image. From some experiments using the stereo images of the CCETT's 'Manege' and a watermark image of English alphabet 'NRL', it is found that the PSNRs of the reconstructed right images by using the proposed algorithm improve to 7.6dB for 'Manege' on average by comparing with those of the reconstructed right images through the conventional pixel-based matching algorithm, block-based matching algorithm and DWT-based algorithms. At the same time the PSNRs of the watermark image extracted from these reconstructed right images also improve to 6.51dB on average for 'Manege' images, respectively. These experimental results also suggest a possibility of practical implementation of the stereo image watermarking system based-on the adaptive matching algorithm and the discrete wavelet transform.

An Overview of Digital Video Watermarking

“…At the receiver, the watermarked right image is reconstructed from the received left view and disparity map using an adaptive disparity-matching algorithm and then the watermark is extracted from the reconstructed right image using a decoding algorithm. The method proposed in [215] follows the same procedure as that in [214] for embedding and extracting the watermark but uses the DWT rather than the DCT. Although these methods perform better than pixeland block-matching algorithms, their systems are not blind.…”

Secure digital watermarking using optimized improved spread spectrum and BCH coding for DIBR 3D-TV system

“…On the other hand digital watermarking schemes for SIR have also been presented in the literature [7,8,14,22]. These watermarking schemes are not directly valid for 3D watermarking due to the inherent problem of horizontal geometric [15] and color plus depth after rendering.…”

Watermarking for Depth Map Based 3D images using wavelet transform

“…The concatenation of reprojection (2D-to-3D) and subsequent projection (3D-to-2D) is called 3D image warping. [5][6][7][8] A. Warping…”