&lt;title&gt;Predicting human performance by a channelized Hotelling observer model&lt;/title&gt;

Yao, Jie; Barrett, Harrison H.

doi:10.1117/12.130899

Cited by 116 publications

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“…That said, it bears reiteration that the purpose of this work was not to advance or improve any particular observer model; rather, this work aimed to determine the extent to which trends in human observer response may be predicted by first principles of cascaded systems analysis ͑GNEQ͒ combined with task functions through any of these simple observer models. More sophisticated observer models yielded through ongoing work in perception science will presumably yield further improvement, including channelized Hotelling observer models [60][61][62] and forms of eye filter and internal noise models. 63,64 This study involved simple, idealized detection and dis-crimination tasks as a starting point to assess imaging performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Fourier‐domain task‐based detectability index in tomosynthesis and cone‐beam CT in relation to human observer performance

et al. 2011

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Purpose: Design and optimization of medical imaging systems benefit from accurate theoretical modeling that identifies the physical factors governing image quality, particularly in the early stages of system development. This work extends Fourier metrics of imaging performance and detectability index ͑dЈ͒ to tomosynthesis and cone-beam CT ͑CBCT͒ and investigates the extent to which dЈ is a valid descriptor of task-based imaging performance as assessed by human observers. Methods:The detectability index for tasks presented in 2D slices ͑d slice Ј ͒ was derived from 3D cascaded systems analysis of tomosynthesis and CBCT. Anatomical background noise measured in a physical phantom presenting power-law spectral density was incorporated in the "generalized" noise-equivalent quanta. Theoretical calculations of d slice Ј were performed as a function of total angular extent ͑ tot ͒ of source-detector orbit ranging 10°-360°under two acquisition schemes: ͑i͒ Constant angular separation between projections ͑constant-⌬͒, giving variable number of projections ͑N proj ͒ and dose vs tot and ͑ii͒ constant number of projections ͑constant-N proj ͒, giving constant dose ͑but variable angular sampling͒ with tot . Five simple observer models were investigated: Prewhitening ͑PW͒, prewhitening with eye filter and internal noise ͑PWEi͒, nonprewhitening ͑NPW͒, nonprewhitening with eye filter ͑NPWE͒, and nonprewhitening with eye filter and internal noise ͑NPWEi͒. Human observer performance was measured in 9AFC tests for five simple imaging tasks presented within uniform and power-law clutter backgrounds. Measurements ͑from 9AFC tests͒ and theoretical calculations ͑from cascaded systems analysis of d slice Ј ͒ were compared in terms of area under the ROC curve ͑A z ͒ Results: Reasonable correspondence between theoretical calculations and human observer performance was achieved for all imaging tasks over the broad range of experimental conditions and acquisition schemes. The PW and PWEi observer models tended to overestimate detectability, while the various NPW models predicted observer performance fairly well, with NPWEi giving the best overall agreement. Detectability was shown to increase with tot due to the reduction of out-of-plane clutter, reaching a plateau after a particular tot that depended on the imaging task. Depending on the acquisition scheme, however ͑i.e., constant-N proj or ⌬͒, detectability was seen in some cases to decline at higher tot due to tradeoffs among quantum noise, background clutter, and view sampling. Conclusions: Generalized detectability index derived from a 3D cascaded systems model shows reasonable correspondence with human observer performance over a fairly broad range of imaging tasks and conditions, although discrepancies were observed in cases relating to orbits intermediate to 180°and 360°. The basic correspondence of theoretical and measured performance supports the 1754 1754 Med. Phys. 38 "4…,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Fourier‐domain task‐based detectability index in tomosynthesis and cone‐beam CT in relation to human observer performance

et al. 2011

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“…The expression for t Hot (g | r p ) in Eq. (16), which requires the knowledge of the mean vectors and covariance matrix under the two hypotheses, is the socalled Hotelling observer [1,7,15,34,35] and is a linear function of g. As pointed out in [36], the Hotelling observer is still analytically tractable in realistic cases (for example, when the background can be described by a stationary random process), whereas computing the likelihood ratio in practical cases is, in general, a difficult problem. The derivation above shows that, if the data are normally distributed, the Hotelling observer is equivalent to the likelihood ratio, in the sense that they differ by an additive or positive multiplicative constant.…”

Section: Hotelling and Ideal Observers In Adaptive Opticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of the Hotelling and ideal observers to detection and localization of exoplanets

et al. 2007

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The ideal linear discriminant or Hotelling observer is widely used for detection tasks and imagequality assessment in medical imaging, but it has had little application in other imaging fields. We apply it to detection of planets outside of our solar system with long-exposure images obtained from ground-based or space-based telescopes. The statistical limitations in this problem include Poisson noise arising mainly from the host star, electronic noise in the image detector, randomness or uncertainty in the point-spread function (PSF) of the telescope, and possibly a random background. PSF randomness is reduced but not eliminated by the use of adaptive optics. We concentrate here on the effects of Poisson and electronic noise, but we also show how to extend the calculation to include a random PSF. For the case where the PSF is known exactly, we compare the Hotelling observer to other observers commonly used for planet detection; comparison is based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and localization ROC (LROC) curves.

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“…The reason for using BMI instead of partial patient weight is a practical one: when deciding whether to perform 2D or 3D imaging, one needs to know before starting the scan what protocol to use, and one cannot compute the sum of LACs before scanning the patient but can easily compute the patient BMI. The task considered in this work was lesion detection, measured by SNR CHO (15,19,20). Although lesion detection performance is best assessed using human observer studies (e.g., receiver operating (5)), the numeric observer approach allows more rapid assessment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Acquisition Geometry, Image Processing, and Patient Size on Lesion Detection in Whole-Body 18F-FDG PET

Fakhri

Santos

Badawi³

et al. 2007

Journal of Nuclear Medicine

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The aim of this work was to develop a rigorous evaluation methodology to assess performance of different acquisition and processing methods for variable patient sizes in the context of lesion detection in whole-body 18 F-FDG PET. Methods: Fifty-nine bed positions were acquired in 32 patients in 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) modes 1-4 h after 18 F-FDG injection (740 MBq) using a BGO PET scanner. Three spheres (1.0-, 1.3-, and 1.6-cm diameter) containing 68 Ge were also imaged separately in air, at locations corresponding to possible lesion sites in 2D and 3D (590 targets per condition). Each bed position was acquired for 7 min in 2D and 6 min in 3D and corrected for randoms using delayed window randoms subtraction (DWS) or randoms variance reduction (RVR). Sphere sinograms were attenuated using the 2D or 3D attenuation map derived from the transmission scan of the patient, after scaling 2D and 3D sinograms with identical factors to ensure marginal detectability. Resulting 2D sinograms were reconstructed with filtered backprojection (FBP) and ordered-subsets expectation maximization (OSEM) without any scatter or attenuation correction (FBP-NATS and OSEM-NATS) or corrected for scatter and attenuation and reconstructed using FBP (FBP-ATT) or attenuation-weighted OSEM (AWOSEM). 3D sinograms were processed identically after Fourier rebinning. Next, reconstructed volumes were compared on the basis of performance of a 3-channel Hotelling observer (CHO-SNR [SNR is signal-to-noise ratio]) in detecting the presence of a sphere of unknown size on an anatomic background while modeling observer noise. The noise equivalent count (NEC) rate was computed in 2D and 3D for 3 different phantoms sizes (40, 60, and 95 kg) and compared with lesion detection SNR. Results: 3D imaging yielded better lesion detectability than 2D (P , 0.025, 2-tailed paired t test) in patients of normal size (body mass index [BMI] # 31). However, 2D imaging yielded better lesion detectability than 3D in large patients (BMI . 31), as 3D performance deteriorated in large patients (P , 0.05). 2D and 3D yielded similar results for different lesion sizes. CHO-SNR were 40% greater for AWOSEM, FBP-ATT, and FBPNAT than for OSEM (P , 0.05), and AWOSEM yielded significantly better lesion detectability than did FBP. In all patients, RVR yielded a systematic improvement in CHO-SNR over DWS in both 2D and 3D. ONEC was characterized by a behavior similar to that of SNR CHO for the 3 different phantom sizes considered in this study. Three-di mensional (3D) ''septumless'' whole-body (WB) 18 F-FDG PET yields increased sensitivity to true coincidences at the expense of increased sensitivity to scattered and random coincidences. Several groups have assessed the relative merits of 3D and 2-dimensional (2D) WB-PET for BGO-based PET scanners using numeric simulations, phantom studies, or patient studies, applying various metrics. Raylman et al. (1), in a single-observer subjective visibility phantom study, reported equal performance for 2D and 3D PET, whereas Moore ...

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<title>Predicting human performance by a channelized Hotelling observer model</title>

Cited by 116 publications

References 0 publications

Analysis of Fourier‐domain task‐based detectability index in tomosynthesis and cone‐beam CT in relation to human observer performance

Analysis of Fourier‐domain task‐based detectability index in tomosynthesis and cone‐beam CT in relation to human observer performance

Application of the Hotelling and ideal observers to detection and localization of exoplanets

Impact of Acquisition Geometry, Image Processing, and Patient Size on Lesion Detection in Whole-Body 18F-FDG PET

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