&lt;title&gt;Performance history of AN/PVS-5 and ANVIS image intensification systems in U.S. Army aviation&lt;/title&gt;

McLean, William E.; Rash, Clarence E.; McEntire, B. J.; Braithwaite, Malcolm G.; Mora, John C.

doi:10.1117/12.276647

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Despite the paucity of such empirical investigations, evidence from research on NVGs 7,8,9,19,20 suggests that they impact spatial perception and navigation performance. The current study examined the impact of NVGs on the spatial navigation and wayfinding performance as people actively explore and learn a new environment.…”

Section: Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…a 'grainy' appearance similar to static noise on a television) within the visual display and may influence depth (i.e., reduction in monocular and binocular cues), motion, size and distance perception. 3,4,5,6,7 These limitations may result in increased spatial disorientation, decreased navigation performance and may have the potential to increase workload 8,9,10 which can contribute to a higher potential for accidents and mishaps.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial navigation using night vision goggles

Gauthier¹,

Parush

Macuda

et al. 2006

SPIE Proceedings

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While anecdotal reports suggest that Night Vision Goggles influence spatial navigation and wayfinding (Braithwaite Douglass, Durnford, & Lucas, 1998), few studies have systematically characterized the nature of these effects. To address this issue, the current study examined the impact of NVGs on navigation and wayfinding performance. One group of participants were required to navigate a walking maze and retrieve target objects while wearing NVGs (experimental condition), while a second control group navigated the maze without NVGs. We measured several performance metrics of navigation and wayfinding. Our results show that navigation and wayfinding with NVGs (experimental group) appeared to be harder, with longer navigation durations and more navigational errors compared to not using NVGs (control group). However, a significant decrease in navigation duration over the course of the wayfinding trials occurred earlier with NVGs, in addition to significant decreases in navigational steps compared to the control group. These results support the notion that NVGs directly affect spatial navigation and wayfinding performance. These degradations in performance should be considered in operational planning and NVG training programs. Further research is necessary to expand our understanding of the impact of NVGs on spatial cognition.

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Section: Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial navigation using night vision goggles

Gauthier¹,

Parush

Macuda

et al. 2006

SPIE Proceedings

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“…This system was the infantry version of the Model 50 Detection Utility system (SU-50), the earliest HMD used by the infantry, used "as is" for aviation. 6 It consisted of 2 nd generation image intensification (I 2 ) devices "hung" on the Sound Protective Helmet-4 (SPH-4) flight helmet. I 2 devices are totally passive in operation and are based on the principle of light (actually electron) amplification.…”

Section: Hmd Evolution In Us Army Aviationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of human factors, crashworthiness and optical performance design requirements on helmet-mounted display development from the 1970s to the present

Harding

Rash²,

McLean³

et al. 2015

Display Technologies and Applications for Defense, Security, and Avionics IX; And Head- And Helmet-Mounted Displays XX

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Driven by the operational needs of modern warfare, the helmet-mounted display (HMD) has matured from a revolutionary, but impractical, World War I era idea for an infantry marksman's helmet-mounted weapon delivery system to a sophisticated and ubiquitous display and targeting system that dominates current night warfighting operations. One of the most demanding applications for HMD designs has been in Army rotary-wing aviation, where HMDs offer greater direct access to visual information and increased situational awareness in an operational environment where information availability is critical on a second-to-second basis. However, over the past 40 years of extensive HMD development, a myriad of crashworthiness, optical, and human factors issues have both frustrated and challenged designers. While it may be difficult to attain a full consensus on which are the most important HMD design factors, certainly head-supported weight (HSW), exit pupil size, field-of-view, image resolution and physical eye relief have been among the most critical. A confounding factor has been the interrelationship between the many design issues, such as early attempts to use non-glass optical elements to lower HSW, but at the cost of image quality, and hence, pilot visual performance. This paper traces how the role of the demanding performance requirements placed on HMDs by the U.S. Army aviation community has impacted the progress of HMD designs towards the Holy Grail of HMD design: a wide field-of-view, high resolution, binocular, full-color, totally crashworthy system.

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“…In order to conduct operations 24/7 and in all-weather environments, militaries have adopted two major imaging technologies: image intensification (I 2 ) and thermal imaging (usually referred to as forward-looking infrared [FLIR]). These two technologies operate on different physical principles: I 2 -based systems require a minimum level of ambient light and operate via the principle of light amplification (McLean et al, 1998); FLIR systems produce images of the outside scene by detecting small temperature differences between objects and the background (Rash et al, 1998). I 2 and thermal FLIR imagery offer the Warfighter views of the outside world that are substantially different from normal viewing and from each other.…”

Section: Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive factors

Francis¹,

Rash²

2009

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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The opening chapter of this book noted that the primary goal of using helmet-mounted displays (HMDs) is to increase individual and unit performance. To meet such a goal, there must be an accurate transfer of information from the HMD to the user; and this transfer must occur at appropriate times. Ideally, an HMD would be designed to accommodate the abilities and limitations of users' cognitive processes. It is not enough for the information to be displayed (visually, auditorially, or tactually); the information must be perceived, attended, remembered, and organized in a way that guides appropriate decision-making, judgment, and action. Cognitive science emphasizes the scientific study of human cognition through empirical measurements of human behavior. Although philosophers have been interested in human thought for thousands of years, the field of cognitive science is relatively new, barely more than 100 years old. Given that the field is in its infancy, it is not surprising that there are more questions than answers. Indeed, one of the main discoveries of the field is just how difficult human cognition is to explain. Despite tremendous advances and discoveries over the past 100 years, the major problems remain unsolved. Indeed, outside of very constrained situations, it is very difficult to predict the cognitive properties and capabilities of any given individual or group of individuals. To appreciate the complexity of human cognition, consider the task of a Warfighter listening to auditory information with an HMD (this example is modified from a discussion in Willingham (2007), see Chapter 2, The Human-Machine Interface Challenge, for a similar description of processes involved in perception): BASE: Where are you? WARFIGHTER: I have just reached the top of the hill. The whole "conversation" lasts maybe a few seconds, and it might appear that this simple question and answer process is trivial. Indeed, people frequently do this type of activity without any trouble. In reality, though, the processes involved in even this simple behavior are exceptionally complex. Figure 15-1 schematizes some of the processes that must be involved as the Warfighter answers the question. First, the Warfighter must recognize the sounds coming from the HMD as speech rather than other kinds of sounds. Speech interpretation is quite complicated. For example, studies of speech show that there are no clear pauses between spoken words in normal speech. Instead, the end of one word flows in to the beginning of a following word. Nevertheless, the Warfighter interprets the stream of sounds as corresponding to individual words in a sentence. Once the words are recognized, the solider has to interpret the meaning of the sentence. This too is a complex process that depends on the context in which the words are presented. In some contexts, the question might not be a literal request for location, but a statement indicating that the Warfighter is not where he or she should be (e.g., Where are you?). In still other contexts, the word you might refer...

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<title>Performance history of AN/PVS-5 and ANVIS image intensification systems in U.S. Army aviation</title>

Cited by 14 publications

References 19 publications

Spatial navigation using night vision goggles

Spatial navigation using night vision goggles

The impact of human factors, crashworthiness and optical performance design requirements on helmet-mounted display development from the 1970s to the present

Cognitive factors

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