<title>Parallel-mode confocal microscopy</title>

Abstract

A dual scanning system forms the essential part of a conventional confocal microscope. Hence, its imaging mode is on principle serial (sequential) . Parallel-mode confocal imaging is possible on the basis of a broad-source image-plane holography. We adapted this classical-holography technique for a real-time reflected-light microscopy.

Multipoint focus-detecting method for measurement of biological nonsmooth surface topography

“…[2][3][4] Furthermore, for parallel processing, 2D spot arrays could be projected on to the surface using rotating Nipkow disk, as first proposed by Petran et al 5 and improved by Xiao et al 6 and Yin et al 7 Tiziani et al adopted a microlens array with a high numerical aperture, instead of objective lens, to realize measurement in a large object field without a reduction in the depth discrimination. 8,9 The uniformity of the focal length of the microlens has great effects on the axial accuracy, while the spatial interval between the microlenses in the array determines the lateral resolution.…”

Incoherent digital holography with phase-only spatial light modulators

“…Since then, his ideas have been integrated to incoherent 46,47 and coherent [48][49][50] holography. A main virtue of confocal microscopy is its ability to perform optical sectioning.…”

Optical sectioning using a digital Fresnel incoherent-holography-based confocal imaging system

“…The reason for this delay is probably due to technological limitations at that time, as confocal imaging requires scanning over the entire imaged target [2,3]. Though confocal holographic systems that do not require scanning had been developed [4,5], they are unfortunately not suitable for fluorescence imaging [5], which is commonly practiced in microscopy for biological applications. In this Letter, we present, for the first time to our knowledge, a confocal configuration of Fresnel incoherent correlation holography (FINCH) [6].…”