“…However, interpretation of the VSL data in lowgain materials is less straightforward and several gainlike artifacts can mask the real gain effects. 17,18,21,22 Lourenço et al 23 proposed a technique for low-gain measurements in short waveguides in a geometry similar to VSL. In this configuration, the sensitivity to low gains was improved, but the aforementioned artifacts, arising mainly from the discrepancy between the one-dimensional VSL model and the real system geometry and/or waveguiding effects, could not be fully eliminated.…”